IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


IIM 

|M 
1.8 


1-4    IIIIII.6 


% 


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//y. 


/a 


"cr-l 


VI 


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7 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


i^. 


t/j 


^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


't.  ^  O^ 


^^^ 


<?>'■ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


D 


D 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pelliculde 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
ere  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli^  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout§es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  tcxte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  §tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


D 
D 
D 
□ 

□ 
n 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tachetees  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  pa^  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

/ 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


aire 

i  details 
|ues  du 
t  modifier 
iger  una 
}  filmage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grSce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6td  reproduites  avec  le 
plu»  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


/ 
jees 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  wh?n  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  filmds  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —»■  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbolo  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


ire 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illuiil^'^te  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  filmd  A  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


)y  errata 
ed  to 

int 

ne  pelure, 

icon  d 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

SI 


'THE  NIAGARA  SHIP  CANAL:" 


AM) 


"liECIFKOCJTY:" 


I'AJ'ERS  WJIITTEX  FOR  THE  "BriFALO  COMMKKCIAL  ADVEUTISKI 

Bv  J.  I).  IFA^'KS,  K.(^ 


TdCKTUKi;    WITH     TIIK 


SrEECH  OF  irON.  ISIIAEE  T.  HATCH 


IX  THE   CONVENTION  AT  DETROIT,  JULY  II,  180:.. 


Pn!,!:,J,.e,lhi/  /^r.rlufirn  rf  fir  U<<n'f/  ^  f  Jno7.    7Jufi]>U\ 


I5UKFA  LO  : 

TRINTING    KorSK   OF   :\IATT1[EWS   .t   AVARREX, 

OSfic^'  ifthi:  Jii'Jfa'u  Cuminiyclal  Adcndiu-. 

1805. 


i 


THE  NIAGArvA  SHIP  CAJ^AL  SCHEME. 


riu'  Xi:iu:ii-:i  Sliip  C;ni;il  srliciiic  iiavino-  Ixcn  Lcfoi-c  liic  |»nl)lic 
so  loii-i-  ;i  lime,  iiiid  been  eoiisi'lt'il'd  <A'  -o  luncli  iiti]/()i-|;iiic('  ;is 
to  iia\('  ('i!u-;iu'c(;  llic  :itt(Miti(i!i  dl"  tlic  \;ii'i<)iis  JJoards  oi'  Ti-.-ido 
tiiroiiuliciit  llic  coiuili-y,  iii;;iiy  di'  wliom  ]]:i\v  \r.\ssvd  vc.^oliil  ions  in 
its  I'lVdi-,  , ■111(1  (iru-e'd  tliciu  Avitli  so  iiiiicli  oloijiiciicc  upon  tliciitlcii- 
tioii  of  Conu'rcss  as  to  si'curc  tlic  |»:iss;io('  of  a  1»ill  in  (,n(.  iiouso  n])- 
l)rol.ri;!t!ii--  s(i.0O(),(M)()  for  1 1ll'  constnictioii  of  the  can;!!,  llicrc  caii 
]»('  no  inijirojiricty  in  disciissiiiLi'  llic  (|iu'stioii  of  iis  iKTcssitv,  even 
})}•  so  iiiiiiililc  an  iiidi\idual  as  \\\v  writiT  of  liiis  ])a|K'r. 

.Ml  scIk'HU's  lor  ])ul)lic  iinjirovciiiciit  aii'  proper  for  puldic  discus- 
sion, and  untd  tlif  nifasiuH's  have  ln'coim-  fxcd  laws,  ii  is  tlic  part 
of  wisdom  io  draw  out  f;u-ts  and  li-airi-s  l.carino-  upon  llic  (jiusiious, 
if  for  no  otlier  ]iiirpose  than  to  r(iiio\c  all  doul»ts  and  liasioi  ilirir 
consli'uclion  in  tin-  slioi'tost  jios.mI.U'  tiinc.  if  llicy  arc  real  i)iil.lic  nc- 
ces.siiics.  If  they  are  only  sclli>li  or  visionary  sclicnies,  the  sooner 
the  puolic  1»ecouie  ac(juaintcd  v,ith  the  trulh,  tlic  Ijclter  i'or  all 
])ai'tics. 

In  Ireatinu-  this  sul)ject  I  ])ro])o<e  to  consider  tlic  ovm-ral  need  of 
another  ^hip  canal  around  the  Falls  o|"  \  ian-ara  as  a  ( 'oinincrcial, 
Political  and  .Alililary  neci'ssit\-. 

("oninierce,  like  \\ater,  linds  its  own  level,  and  is  I'euailale.j  l>y 
the  law  of  supitly  and  <lenian<!,  excipt  in  a  few  ca^^'s  of  speciilalive 
rnovenieiits,  when  the  ordinary  laws  of  trjidc  seem  to  he  lost  sio-]it 
of  for  the  lime  hciiiu-:  and  then  the  m'Ner-failin--  laws  of  sii)»]ilv  and 
demand  soon  regulate  the  spasmodic  etlbrt,  and  apply  tJie  proper 
reme(lv. 


0 


('ointiicvci'  lim<t  l!;i\i'  \\<  <j;vlicr;il  coiiiiiici'ci.il  cent  I'c,  ;iii(l  every 
(•oimtfV  li.is  its  own  (•(iiiinierci;il  eeiilre,  tVolti  wliicli  llie  j/eojile  ;4'et 
tlicii-  {•niiiiiieici;il  \;iliies,  nml  iiiiike  llieir  excliniiu'es,  niid  lo  w  liicli 
tlie  siifplus  jH'ixlllcliolis  of  tlu'ir  sl:i|iles  ;ire  sent  1  o  ni;il'l<et .  Tllc 
luMole  iift'ie  I'niled  Sl;iles  recon'ni/e  New  \'()lk  :is  our  ':!e;!t  coni- 
MU'ici.il  ceiilre;  ;inil  ;ilt  Ikmiu'Ii  !5i)>t()n,  I'liiladelplii.i,  liiill  iniore,  New 
()iie;ins,  ( 'ineinn:iti,  St.  Lnuis  and  ( 'IiiciLi'o  aie  ci'iiti-es  lor  local 
\a!ue>,  \(t  it  will  not  It*'  denied  tli,;t  New  \'ork  is  the  L',reat  eoii- 
trollinu'  eenti'e  of  our  eomineicial  values  ami  llie  place  of  siri|.nient 
loi- our  sU!'|i1ms  |)rodnclions.  Admit  1  inn"  tills  fact,  and  then  admit 
that  the(li'eat  West  is  t he  chief  ^•rain-|^r()ducin;:;•  haslii  of  1  he  \\ orld, 
and  it  iH'comes  a  "  commercial  necessity  "  to  t  raiispoiM  thesurjiliis 
|iro(lui'iions  of  the  \\'esl  to  the  East  l»y  the  most  direct,  safe  and 
cheapest    I'oule  pos-ihle. 

In  oi'dcr  !ooI)tain  these  desii'alile  emls,  several  h'adin'j,"  men  of 
OswcLi'o,  Di'Iroit,  Milwaidcee.  ("hicau;'o  and  other  phices  ha\'e  uri^'cd 
••The  immediate  con>t  rncl  ion  ol"  a  ship  I'aiial  around  the  i-'alls  of 
Xia^'ara  hy  the  Li'enei'al  u'oNcrnmenl ,  as  a  measui'c  demanded  adiku 
hy  the  inti'rests  of  t  he  ]u-o(lucers  AVest  and  the  consumers  j"]ast,'" 
and  as  a  '•Mnilllai'v  neci'^sity."" 

Do  the  jieople  of  the  I'liited  States  desire  to  liiiild  (liis  ca.nal  of 
snch  projiortions  as  Coiiu'ress  pi-o|)oses  in  its  l)ill.  mei'ely  lor  llie 
j/urpose  of  Li'etl  inii'  iVom  Lake  l\rieinto  I^akeOiHario  to  I'aciiitate 
the  reach  ini^' of  Hoston  or  New  York  l»y  tliat  route "/  If  so,  what 
will  he  uained,  nnless  you  run  down  the  St.  Lawrt'iico  canals,  ont 
of  the  Liailf.  into  the  ocean  and  alonu'  the  da.mierons,  rocd^-hound 
coast  of  Nova  Scotia  to  those  places  V  That  is  ahsurd,  and  is  not 
Worthy  of  a  moment's  notice.  ThiM'et'oi'e,  when  once  into  Lake  Oii- 
tai'io,  li'i'ain  must  be  transferred  at  Oswei^'o,  ;nid^/'/''>///  f/tu'c  li  comes 
l)i(c!x  (ii/:nii  to  the  Ki'hi  Ciiual  at  A///v/c/<,s'.",  and  reaches  the  same 
chamud  that  it  "would  l>y  way  of  Uutfalo  without  u'oiuL!,-  into  Lake 
Ontario  at  all.  "^riiere  is  no  other  outlet,  of  any  amount,  for  !j:i'ain, 
mdess  the  idea  of  a  Xew  \()rk  <j;enlleman  is  ado[»t(.'d  :  tohuiid  ;i 
marine  railway  to  take  vessel  and  caru'o  by  land  into  New  ^'oik  or 
J>oston  I  This  bi'illiant  idea  will  be  a]ipreciate(l  when  the  frt'luht  is 
paid  on  shijt  and  carii'o  both  instead  of  upon  the  caru'o  only.  Hero 
woidd  be  a  Li'ood  openinu'  Ibi'  invest inu"  ihe  f^/nyJi's  funds  of  those 
gentlemen  who  propose  to  pay  the  national  di'bt  by  subscription  ! 

I'nless  it  is  desirable  to  change  onr  conimei'cial  ceiitic  IVom  Xew 
York  to  Livei'pool,  Montreal  or  v)utd)i'c,  and  to  make  nse  ot'the  St. 
Lawi'ence  canals  for  that  purpose,  wdiat  will  be  ^aini'd  1»}'  transfer- 
ring cargoes  from  Lake   lu'ie  into   Lake  Ontario  V     Trne,  th(3  caiml 


Idlls  ai'c  l('->;,  :in'l  tlic  ciiial  siKtrtcr  iVniii  Osnsc '^o  t  li'iii  tVoiii  Uiiiraln ; 
l»ul  1.)  nlV>ri  that  it  iiiii^t  l»c  i'ciiU'in!K'rc(l  that  oils  on  t!ii'vlii|i 
canal  aii'l  iiirrca.'^i'il  iVci^iit^  nii  tluj  lak(.s  will  iiiori  tliaii  i<i\rr  llic 
t\i\]\'Vr)\vv, 

It  is  iir^rd  llial  v>('  must  \\-a\v  incrrasfil  l;u-ilit  ic  > ;  tiial  tlic  in- 
(tfoascd  proiliict idiis  caiiiiot  hv  iiionimI  wiiiidn;  it.  I, el  us  cxauiiur 
tlic  canal  and  1  ikc  facilities  \\c  unw  Iia\c,  and  sec  Ik.nn  iiiiu-l.  uku'c 
wc  want — comuicncinu"  at.  IJuD'alo: 

IJullaJn  harbor  is  capable  cd'  acconnuodatiinj;  all  tin-  vessels  likclv 
to  uolhci'c  \'i>y  inaiiN'  vcai's.  It  has  a  capacil  v  for  elc\  at  iu''  tVoiii 
vessels  iiit(»  canal  boats,  or  int(.  store,  i.',S()S,(iiM»  l)Ushels  ot'  ua-airi 
|ier  day,  and  a  storau"e  capacity  of  ."i.sso.DoO  bushi'Is.  >uji)ii),->i' canal 
uaNi'^aliou  to  coinincut-c  the  Isl  of  May,  and  to  close  the  1st  of  De- 
ccndici'in  each  }'car,  we  hacc  |st  workinu'  days.  A\  lien  wdikcd 
to  the  fall  capacity,  iliillalo  alone  could  transfer  iVoin  \-cssels  into 
boats,  or  int<»  stcu'c,  ."<  I  (!,(;yj,<H)u  bushels.  Tiie  most  vwv  rccei\cd 
in  oiu'  year  was  in  I^iIl',  r)S,(;ii'.;;  t-t  bushels,  leaxinu' a  ca|iaciiy  _\  (t 
uuoccuoied  (d'  oviu"  I .")S,(i(i(i,(M)0  busluds.  showiii'''  that  onl\  alnuit 
oiU'-tciith  id'  the  capa.cit}'  has  ever  l»t'eu  used. 

ConiplaiiM  IS  inaile  ol'tlie  canals  of  the  State  of  Xew  ^  ork  ;  that 
they  are  too  small  to  funn>!i  an  outlet  Ibi-  AVi'stcrn  shipments.  Let 
us  see  how  that  account  stands;  The  coi'rected  reuisterof  canal 
l)oais  now  in  the  hamls  ot"  theC'ollcctor  at  nuH'alo,  show  s  at  the 
ju'esi'ut  time  about  r),l(;()  boats.  'idie  returns  show,  that  lor  the 
local  U'-e  (d'llu'  State  of  Xew  York  eh.'veii  per  ct'Ut.  (d'  the  wlnde  is 
iHMpiircd;  dcdiictiuLi:;  that  from  the  total,  lea\es  t,.V.c_'  boats  for  the 
throiiu'h  bie^iiiess;  allowiiio"  tliirty  days  for  each  triji,  and  each  boat 
to  make  se\en  tri])s  durinu;'  the  season,  we  lia\e  a  total  of  ;ii.',llt 
trips;  allow  in<4  eatdi  boat  to  averau'c  only  {),0(H)  bushels  ol'all  kinds 
of  Li'raiii.  and  there  is  jtroved  :i ///vj/yi  capacity  of  1  !)l'.S(;4,<hh)  busluds. 
I)educt  Ibr  the  nu)st  ever  slii])ped  in  cue  sctison,  5S,(i  t-_',;i  4  t  bu>li(ds, 
and  it  shows  a  (jraln  capacity  left  unused  of  u\er  J  r;4,0oo,()()0 
])UsIh'I>  I 

J)Ut  it  may  be  sai<l  that  it  is  lurfair  to  take  all  the  capacit\-  for 
grain,  lea\inu;"  nothing  for  such  freight  as  lumber,  staves,  tlour,  ]U'o- 
\dsiiuis,  etc.  Let  lis  see  liow  the  year  ].^()4  stands  u]»on  the  east- 
ward boiiiid  thi'ough  tonnage.  'Jdiese  4,50:.*  l)oats,  making  ;]'_', 144 
trips,  their  average  tonnage  being  141  tons  each,  give  4,5;!2,-)04  tons 
cajtacity.  The  total  through  toiintige  for  ].SG4  was  1,!)()7,I;!0  tons, 
lca\ing  a  lialance  nnoccnpied  of '_*. 025,108  tons,  sliowing  only  about 
one-third  of  the  tonnage  used.  The  eajKicity  of  the  boats  now  run- 
ning is  i'ar  below  the  average  of  w  hat  the  canal  can  accommodate. 


8 


M:i!IV  oi'lllr  l»f>:it>  ;ir!'  ot'llic  tA<\  siil.ll!  <'!,i-'S,  wliilc  till'  (Mil.il  is  ;ililc 
to  il(i:it  :i  i!incli  l;ti"Li'iM'  class  ol'  ho.ils,  TIhkc  hitcly  l»nill  ;iiii|  imw 
Imililiii'.r  InrtlH'  tliroii'jii  li!i>-iiic-«s  run  tVoiti  I'lio  to  l'.")!)  inii>.  Tlic 
lio.ii  l/iltl»\  cliMicil  iVoiii  l')iitl"ilo.  .Iiiiii-  l.")tli,  |m;:.,  with  T.^'iO 
Itiislii'ls  ol"  w  ii(':it  ;  ollicrs  li;i\c  clcnfcil  tVoiii  I  Jiill'ilo  I  his  -jiriii^' w  ith 
H,:;(lii  l»ii-h"!s  ul"  coni.  The  lio;its  |).  ('.  \\'(H'<1,  ]].  ('.  Siorck,  .lohii 
Ausiiii  ;iiiil  m;tiiy  ol  hci's  r("^i>-t('r  ■.'.''Dions  cMch,  ;iiiil  tlic  l''i';iiicis  I\\'- 
iiaii,  1)1"  I'lira,  fcLi'istci's  ;!'i(i  tons.  It  ic(|uiii's  no  more  t  iiiii'  or  t  i-oii- 
hlc  ;o  hici;  thi'oii'i'h  a  hoal  ot"  "J")!!  tons  than  one  of  ."td  ions,  when 
t!ic  loi'ks  ai'c  riiha!';j.'<'il  to  aihiiit  them  iiilo  the  h»>'!<s  fcailily.  Tliiis 
we  \\\\y  laii'ly  chiiin  tlial  the  capacity  of  the  canal  I'of  ihi'oii'^h  Iiii--i- 
n('ss(\\i'h  1  he  (Mihir'i'c'l  h>cks  as  |)1'o|m>--c.I)  will  he  e(|ual  loH.nort 
l)oats  of  •_'■_'<»  lons  each.  Tliesi'  would  nn)\  e  I  .il-JojKJO  ions  (■■.\v]\  1 1'lp. 
jiinl  foi'  llie  ;a'a>^o!i  of  canal  iia\i'^Mt  ion  conhl  nntxc  I'. •_'!<». coo  ions. 
Tlic  to|;i|  thi'oiin'h  iMisiness  of  ls,;i  w-jn  hut  a  li'ille  o\-er  oiie-lillh  of 
(he  canal  I'acililies  with  t  he  eiilar^'cil  locks.  There  may  Ik-  a  few 
(la\  s  in  1  he  I" ill  of  1  he  yea i'.  when  I  he  canal  appears  to  lie  o\  er-i  a  \e<l, 
hut  if  any  one  is  ahh'  I  o  hiiihl  hoals  to  run  for  those  tew  days  --  and 
lei  ih'an  liy  i  Ik'  f(^r  the  balance  of  the  season  —  no  one  is  disposed 
lo  hinder  him. 

Then  what  need  is  there  for  anotiiei"  sliip  canal  at  present  ?  Art> 
Ihe  rales  too  lii;.>:li  V  'Hie  canal  is  opt'ii  to  the  whole  world  witlioiit 
ro<j;ard  to  irationa'ily  or  even  color,  to  hnild  ami  lam  Ju--{  as  maiiy 
boa.ls  as  they  like,  at  just  what  pi'lce  they  like,  o\er  the  Stall'  toils: 
or  1  hrei'-fourths  of  the  boats  can  be  bonLi'ht  for  less  than  tlicir  esti- 
iiialed  \';due.  The  commercial  law  of.supply  and  demand  rcLVulates 
the  rates  ol' frei'^ht,  which  are  soiiu'times  taiimtusly  low,  aiid  at  other 
times  pay  a  lair  j»rolit.  The  a\eraL;"e  is  mil  as  jwolifable  as  in  alnntst 
any  other  business  wlieri'  an  ecpial  amount  of  capital  is  at  stake. 
lias  the  Slate  been  uid'air  iriits  dt'alin'J,'-^,  anil  iii<-i't  <i^<  (<  thetolh"!, 
that  western  men  should  seek  to  avoid  them  and  take  another  route? 
Let  us  resort  to  tii;aires  nuain,  both  upon  tolls  and  IVeiu'hl,  takinc^ 
the  ai'ticle  of  flour  and  traciuLV  it  throu'jii  t!ie  \arious  periods  since 
shipments  l)e<4'au  to  the  present  time,  dealing  \\\\\\  the  ueiieral  a\'er- 
an'e  foi-  t'ipial  periods  of  years,  for  we  tnust  treat  every  u'ri'at  com- 
Tiiercial  business  upon  the  (in  rd'/c  in  order  to  arri\-e  at  cori'ect  de- 
duclions.  We  fmd  tiiat  from  ISMO  to  I'SWA  —  four  years  —  the  toll 
on  a  barrel  of  tlour,  from  IJutfalo  to  Albany,  was  5  1  ci'iits,  and  the 
frei'i'ht  was  44  cents;  the  next  twelve  vears  the  toll  was  :V.\  cents 
and  freiL!;ht  was  42  cents,  40  cents  ami  27  cents  for  periods  of  four 
years  each;  the  next  four  vears  tolls  were  ;U  cents  and  frei«'ht  ;33 
cents;  the  next,  25  cents  tolls  and  29  cents  frcij^ht ;    the  next,  23 


IS  nlilc 

1(1     1 1  n  W 

s.     The 

h  7.s:)0 
II'.;'  with 
k,  .li'hii 

()!•  1  niii- 
s,  when 

.  Thus 
^h  liii>i- 
t(»  Ci.nuft 
ich  1 1'lp. 

lid    lollS. 

-lillh  (.r 

I'   ;i    ii'W 
■r-i'i\c(], 
s  --  niid 

lli>lK)St'<l 

t  ?      Art- 

w  illiollt 
;is  iii;i;iy 
itc  \n]\> : 
licit'  (■>ti- 
•(■i.':ul,'itc'S 
I  ;it  other 
in  ;ihii(»st 
:it    sl;ii<.e. 
the  toll;-!, 
■r  route? 
t,  t-ikiiiix 
ods  since 
■r.il  :i\c'r- 
•e;it    coni- 
ii-i'cct   (le- 
-  the  toll 
;,  :in(l  the 

."v!  (H'lltS 

Is  of  four 

reio'lit  33 

next,  23 


cents  tolls  Mini  'JO  cents  frci^Iit  ;  ilic  next  seveil  years  ihc  toll  wa.^ 
I '.)  cent  ^  and  i  he   iVci_;'!i|  ij  I  cents. 

l"'oi'  thii'ly-!ive  years  uesti'rii  |.,-o<Iiici  ii.ii>  hasc  lieen  inci'eaxin'.r  at 
:i  rate  ..-'Ver  l»e!'ore  eiinaded  in  ;.iiy  c..iintry,  and  diii'in'4'  that  time 
the  toll-,  havi'  Iteen  reduced  -ixiy-thn  •  per  cent.,  and  the  fri'iLdit 
reduced  forty-li\c  |n'r  cent,  on  Ihuir. 

The  State  Andilor,   .Mr.  Heiiton,  savs; 

••Our  rules  (iC  loll  inv  imt  liNcj  upon  a  >li(l!i);jr  h-iiIi-.  to  rise  aixl  (';il!  wiih  lii..  |,ncr 
<if,U<ii(l  ill  New  \i,vU.  or  ilie  |.ricc  of  \\ii,:ii  mipI  cnni  iit  Cliica^o.  {'.nil':,!,,.  Niw  '"idik, 
<'i'in  I.ontioa.     In  ihi.-  I'arl  Iho  uc>lei'ii  i.eiliici'r  iias  scm  iircd  an  imiiorlaii'  ad\  aina-c.'-" 

The  iiierchants  also  coni])!ain  of  tiie  injustice  done  them;  let  us 
see  how  far  the  State  is  to  lilanie  in  this  matter.  The  a\craL;-es  on 
jj;ood>  per  1(10  lh<.  tVom  A!liaii_\  to  Unll'alo  were  as  follow  s.  \i/. : 
l"'ir>t  foiii-  years  toll-  wei-e  1'.)  cents  and  fi-eiolit  t')  cents  :  the  next 
twel'se  years  tolls  wiM'e  :;:!  cents  ami  f!'i'i'.';lit  n";  cents,  1.")  cents  ;ind 
'2*'>  cents,  for  four  years  each  ;  next  four  years  (oils  were  '_' (  cents, 
freiu'ht  locents;  t  he  next ,  t  oils  ID  cent-,  fi'eiuht  II  cents;  the  next, 
lolls  1")  cents,  IVclo'ht  Kicenis;  :\]\<\  thelast  scNaai  \-eai's  t  he  a\  I'l'au'e 
was  t;  cents  lolls  and  O  cents  iVei-ht.  Thii'ty-!l\'e  years  of  unex- 
ampled iiicreasi'  of  t  he  wealth  and  u'l'owth  of  our  wi'slei'ii  towns  and 
cities,  ami  a  decrease  in  tolls  and.  IVei'jht  the  most  I'cmarkalile  ever 
known  in  the  history  of  the  world  —  the  i-eductions  heinu'  liom  -I!) 
cents  lot;  cents  \n-v  joolhs.  on  tolls,  and  from  I A  cent  s  tot;  cents 
on  f!'ei^■ht.  eipial  to  eiL;Iity-eii;'ht  pi-r  cent,  in  tolls  and  eiu'hty-seven 
p^M-  cent,  on  iVein'ht  ;  the  (.'.xti'eme  hi-'li  price  lieiiiu"  pa.id  ehet-rfully 
when  we  were  /xio,;  the  low  p''ice  now  lieiiii::  .'i  ean-e  o!"  complaint 
Avlieii  we  are  rich  a.nd  p!'os]»t'i'oiis  I  This  wonderl'id  I'educlioii  in 
rales  is  a  con\inci!io'  jm'ooI'  that  the  \a-l  and  a.stotiishini;'  /'itrr<  use  of 
l)opulation  and  iiroduetion  has  hi'cn  imu'e  than  anticipa.tt'(l,  until  the 
increase(l  facilities  h.ive  far  oiitsi  ri]iped  the  demand,  lea\inL;'  Iiiin- 
<lreds  of  oui'  t-anal  hoats  l\iiio-  jdh.  dui'lu"'  the  <>a'i'afei^  part  of  the 
season,  thai  would  he  useless  entirely  w  ei'e  it  not  foi-  an  inerea.se  ol' 
husiness  duriiiij;  a  few  days  in  liie  fall,  d'hose  now  I'r.iiniiiL;'  are 
sc'ircely  p.'iyino' expenses.  1^'ices  iiavc  lluetn;ited,  and  comhinations 
lia\e  been  formed  to  put  jirices  np,  and  in  some  cases  a  i'ew  may 
ha\e  suU'ered  l>y  Ixan;;-  caught  in  tlu'ua.p;  hut  competition  is  the 
great  le\eler  of  prices,  and  sooii  oNcrcoiiKs  tlu'se  irreunl.ai'it  ies. 

To  gaiard  against  conihinations  is  one  end  to  he  jj-iined,  hut  this 
shij)  canal  would  not-  gain  that  end.  The  experiment  has  been  ti'ii'(l 
for  se\eral  years,  'jdie  Welland  canal  has  l)e(Mi  o[»en,  and  has  been 
used  for  the  \ery  same  purpose;  ;ind  to  show  how  perfectly  com- 
uieree  regulates  itself  it  is  oidy  necessary  to  make  ;i  comparison  of 


1(» 

liir  avt'iM'^c  lor  till-  tr;iii^i>«»i'f;iiiMn  of  wlu'at  ami  coin  iVoiii  Chicane 
t"  Xi'W  V(trk.  I'<'i"  tli<'  yc:ir  I-tH,  \ia  lake  ami  canal,  \  ia  IliiHaio, 
it  was  2. '^ , '*„"„■  cents  on  wheat,  an<l  -'"'iV^  ct-nts  on  corn;  and  via  Os- 
wego it  was  '-''^iVff  •■*"1^  <"'  ^vlleat,  ami  -;"»tV(j  ""  <'•"'"•  Saving-  in 
favor  of  Untlalo  only  oiie-teiilli  ol'  a  cent  on  wheal,  and  lonr-tenths 
on  coiai.  N'oiicc  how  e\  eiil y  the  charu'cs  ai'e  halanceil  in  |ii'<)j>i»rtion 
1(1  the  w  oi-k  done  hy  eacii  route.  The  iTnisions  of  the  cliai"<,'es  ]»y 
h.'tli  routes  tor  the  aNfrau'c  I'oi'  the  year  were: 

\  !A    lai'HAI.O. 

Lakes  Frci^fiil '•'  .'iS-iod  on  xyliout,     s  '.)  I-1(I0  on  coni. 

(•:iii;il  Tnils r,  LM-iiio    "       ••  4  <\-\m    •'      " 

Caiiul  iiii.l  Uivi  r fJ  f.T-KK)    '•       •'         117:i-inO"      '< 

\IA    (iSWi'.iid. 

Lakes  I'lci^lil, 1">  37-li)0  on  wlicat.   II  2s-l(ii)  on  corn. 

Canal  Tolls!.. ;!  r-l-lni)    •■       ••      '     2V  '•      - 

Canal  and  liivcr '.(    l.VlOlt    ••       ••  8  sT-KMI    "      •• 

Thus  Avhile  the  chai''^'es  on  t!ie  totals  v^n-re  so  nearly  even,  ihe 
State  loses  -,"/,/  on  N\lieat,  and  -,"„  oii  corn,  via  O^inijo;  the  dil- 
f'ci-ence  of  tolls  and  canal  t  rans])ort:;t  ion  lieiiiLi'  l>;iid  to  the  W'ellaml 
canal,  a  lorei^n  intiM'cst  —  ami  to  the  lake  shippiiiL!,",  a  pni'cly  local  in- 
lerest.  'J'lie  lake  intci'cst,  in  vie  \s  of  llic  dnll  snminer  season,  desii'cs 
this  shi|»  caind  to  occupy  their  \ c-st'ls  lonu'er  on  the  voyau'c,  takin^^'  to 
ihcinsehes  the  ditlerence  in  the  tolls  and  canal  rati's,  —  one  of  the 
strongest  reasons  \\\\\  e\cry  one  lia\inu"  any  inli-ri'st  in  the  Stati', 
jiai't  icniarly  those  ha\inn'  canal  stock,  should  u'o  auainst  it. 

The  lluctuation  in  jirices  at  tinu's  does  not  ]iro\e  any  lanit  in 
cither  route.  It  is  an  e\  il  that  cannot  be  cont rolled  by  State  au- 
thorities or  l>y  the  canal  inlere>'ls,  neither  is  it  conline(l  to  the  canal. 
Take  the  last  four  ycai's  and  see  the  Ibictuatloiis  on  the  lakes  and 
ciinals  :  the  lowest  average  rate  IVoni  Chicago  to  Uutlalo,  in  1  Mi  1 , 
was  in  July,  when  it  was  .")';  conis  on  \\  heat,  and  5}  cents  on  corn. 
The  hi^'host  was  in  October,  the  averai^-e  for  that  nn)nth  beini;'  1  ^jV^ 
cents  on -wheat,  and  ]7|  cents  on  corn,  —  making'  ;i  ditlerence  of 
about  n50  per  cent,  between  the  months  of  July  and  October.  On 
the  canal  from  Ibitfalo  to  Xew  York,  the  avevau'e  for  July  -was  111 
cents  on  wheat,  and  IOj^q^j- cents  on  corn;  in  Xovend)er  the  a\era<j,'e 
was  25jYd  <-'*^'i'ts  on  wheat,  and  2:?  ("'y",,-  cents  on  corn  —  the  ditfereiice 
beinir  about  2'25  per  cent,  from  the  lowest  to  the  hiu'hest  :iverni>"e  for 
the  months  of  July  and  Xovend)er,  or  3  25  per  cent,  less  Jluetuat Ion 
on  ike  canal  than  on  the  lake  for  the  same  tune.  The  total  averau'es 
for  each  vear  have  been  verv  even.  The  avernu:e  for  18G1  I'roiu 
Chicago  to  Buffalo,  was  1 1  ^y.j  cents  on  wheat,  and  lOy^^g^  cents  on 


i: 


('hi(';iL;'<> 
r.iillalo, 
1  \  i;i  Os- 
aNiiiui,'  ill 
ir-lciiths 
Djiurt  idii 


corn. 

a 

C(vrn. 


'Vcn,  llic 

•  the  (111- 
Wcllaiul 

•  l(»cal  in- 
II,  desires 

akiiiu'  1<» 

U"   of   till' 

H'  State, 

■  fault  in 
State  au- 
lie  canal. 
likes  and 
in  ISO  I, 
on  corn. 

.'venco  of 
Iter.     On 

was  11^ 
'  axerau'e 
litlerence 
erayo  tor 
uetuatlon 

averages 
S61  from 
cents  on 


11 

c(»rit  ;  and  in  1  Si'rJ  the  ascra^"''  was  i  ^  ^«  ^..  cents  less  on  w  lieat,  and  ";;, 
cent-;  on  corn;  in  Isii:;  the  a\i'ra'^<'  was  ;{  ceiils  less  on  wheal,  and 
.",  j;',  „  h'-s  on  corn;  and  in  1n;|  i  lie  aver.au'e  was  '.ii'',^",,  cent^on  whe:it, 
;inil  -^i",,',,  cents  on  corn.  While  for  the  same  time  tin-  prices  a\i'r- 
;iljfe(l  troin  IIiilKiIo  to  New  \'ork  — 

III  I '- il.  on  wlical, l."i  7.")-lii(»  Oil  ■(•(irii II  i:;-liiii 

lul>'..'.    ■■       '•  I,")S|.1(M|  On     ••        i:;  TiMdii 

!ii  isii.'i.  ••      '•  I."i  .",;i-|(iii  On    ••       j:;  .Mi-jiio 

III  i>i:i,  ••      •'  is  7s-|(iii  o,i    •• Id  .■!.->- Kill 

Slio"  in.;-  a  constant  u'radiial  reduction.  l'j»on  a  o'dM  Imsis  isiM 
was  (lie  i|ier  I  hill  ever  hel'ore,  tin-  iiioney  l»ein'4'  so  de|)!'eci;ited  in 
\aliielhat  the  net  results  weri'  not  near  as  Lircat  as  in  the  other 
ye;ir<.  Ahoiit  the  same  a\  erai^o  are  .also  shown  \  ia  Osweuo,  Thus 
the  roiili'  has  notllin^•  \\li;!te\cr  to  do  with  the  il  net  ii.al  ions  of  ]  trices, 
the\'  lieiiit;-  ruled  enlireh-  li\-  the  law  of  sniinU-  ;iiid  demand.  '\'\\r 
decrc'iiiu'  prices  |iro\-es  tli.it  our  lake  mid  canal  facilities  ;iih'  now 
t'ar  ill  ailsance  of  the  demand  diiriiej;  the  season  ol"  iia\i'_!'alion. 


IT. 

The  facts  f  aied  in  mv  loniier  ])a)ier,  forti!ie(|  as  ihe\-  wi'i'e  \t\ 
li^aircs,  sm4'u'est,  the  very  natural  <|Ue!'y:  ''117///  do  we  ikhmI  another 
ship  canal  tVom  Lake  I^rie  into  Lake  Ontario";'"  The  ^Vellalld  ca- 
nal miu'ht  he  closed  to  our  shi|i])iii^'  for  a  short  time,  and  that  is  the 
only  jiossihle  reason  that  can  he  iii'Li'iMl  as  a  '"  conimercial  necessit  v  " 
f(n"  Itiiildiiii;-  another.  Jiut.  to  su])]iose  the  Canadians  would  conimil 
such  a  suii'id.al  act,  is  payiiii;'  a  poor  trilnite  to  those  l;ir-seeiiiu'  eii- 
terjiri'^iiiu- men  who  concei\ed  and  executed  the  woi-k  forthemutiia! 
.'U'commodatiou  of  hoth  countriis  —  they  relyinu"  mostly  upon  our 
shii>pinn-  for  tlieir  tolls.  ''Self-preservation  is  the  iirst  law  of  Na- 
ture,'" and  ('anadiaiis  ;ip]»reciate  the  maxim  to  ]ierlecti()n.  \\ v  i-an 
atford  to  let  them  try  the  ex))eriment.  IJiit  let  us  see  how  it  would 
;>tfcct  the  West,  siqtposiiiL!,-  they  wore  to  close  it  entirely.  AVe  ha\ c 
shown  that  there  Mill  he  an  ahundance  of  ca[)acity  duriiiLi-  na\i^';i- 
tion  for  all  the  jii'oduce  niovini;-  from  the  West  to  reach  our  com- 
mercial centre  without  nsiug  the  Welland  canal.  Having  enjoyed 
the  full  licnetii;  of  its  use  for  many  rears,  Osm'oijo  has  Ijeen  olaced 
ujion  an  even  footing  with  ]>ulf  do  as  an  outlet  for  western  jiroduee, 
l)ut  aside  from  the  local  business  and  the  local  interest,  it  has  been 
of  little  or  no  value.     As  a  fair  criterion,  take  the  grain  and  tl(jar 


sliijiiiii'iii >  I'oi'  Is,;:;,  iVoiii  ( 'liic.iu'o,  ^lilw  aiikcc  Mini  Ttilcdo   li\'  lukcs 

to  hulli  |iI;liH'^,  .■lihl  lilt'  rr-^illl  slliiws  lliiil  llu'l'c  W  rl'i'  sliijijH'il  \  i;i 
lliliriln,  l.ii  |.')JJ',l  lii>l>.  il.>!ii\  ;iiiil  r'.r.-Ji;,;!7()  lnis'u'l-;  of  i;i-:ii!i,  ;i?i.l 
\i,i  <  )-.\\  (H_.n,  10, Sill  M-l^.  Ilniir,  ;iii(l  s,()iM,i,'_':;  I  Imslids  df  ur.Miii  ;  Iti 
oilier  w  nr(l<,  rrmii  /.'/'>s<>  ////'<  <  /in//t/s  ilirrc  w  cit  ^ciiI  \  i;!  (j^w^m;^^,) 
/ir,   I /'(//i/.^  1)/' <i/n  iHi'i'iiif.  iij' jlxi'i'  ii /III  II  i  III  h  I  II  |i('i'  cell!,  dl' L;'i':iin. 

Till'  >lll;ill  ;illliiiiiil  y\\'  \\o\\v  A\\\\\>vA  Id  (  )s\\  (^m-o  ;|s  com  ji:i  red  with 
>j,"i':iiii,  I  CI  lis  11-  to  liii|ui;'(',  W  li  v  I  his  (liiriTciicc  in  |iri>]Miil  ion  V  T.-ikoii 
in  cnnnciM  ion  willi  iIu'IjikI  :i!Ii1  i]ii:i!il  y  of  ^I'Min  icccix  cd  ;it  ()sN\fv:o 
il  s;c:'4'i's|s  ;i  doiih!  ;is  |o  !  lie  "•  coinnuTci.'d  ncccssily'"  of  llic  pro- 
|to-.('i|  r:in;il  lo  tlic  \s  iioir  coinniniMly.  (  )ul  ofllic  S.o',i!)/_':;  i  liiislicis 
of  ::'r,iin    I'cccivcil   iVoni    llicsc   llircc   poinls,  (i, •■;."!  j  ,;;7,s   Im-hfls  were 

uiltMl,  oill\  I  ,  ,  •l.l.Ciin;  Itiivlicls  coi-n,  ;ind  ollh  I-'1,"J">0  lilislids  ol'  ;dl 
olluT  kinds  of  uT.iin  ;  ^-liowiii';-  (ij^-'nly  ocr  cciil .  of  I  lie  w  Imlc  lo  lie 
wlii'iil.  .M  ihv  .lukcc  ;ind  Toledo  wIii'mI,  lieiii;^'  the  licsl  for  uiillinL!^ 
|tur|M)-.('s,  i'nrni-lu'd  s('\ciily  per  ccn!.  ol'llir  \\li(';il  IV'.mii  Ihosc  tlii-t'i' 
cilics. 

/,'ow  is  il  possiMe  ||i;i(  sliijijicrs,  Ii;i\  in^'  no  oilier  olijcct  in  view 
(li:i!i  seniliii^'  ilieir  u'l'idii  lo  one  eoimiion  centre,  lor  ;t  coinnioii  iii;ir- 
ket ,  :il  ('(|n;il  r:il  es,  siionld  seleei  oii"  |i:i  rli/ulMr  (|ii:dil  \'  (»!'  one  |i;irl  ie- 
lilar  kinil  of  er:iiii,  I  o  sc'id  il  liy  one  p.irl  icnhii'  I'onle  I  o  v;e|  intotlic 
S'l.nie  cli;iiinel,  to  yi\  to  tjie  -^nni"  liiiii'ket  lo  be  sold  lo  llic  s;ii!ie  men. 
to  I'l  .iH/.c  llie  s;ime  price  :!s  if  if  Weill  hy  ;i!!ol!ier  port  |o  reacli  t!i(^ 
s;iine  desi  in;i  I  ion  V  ('omnioii  sense  tciclies  no  siicli  coiiimci'ci.il 
l;i\\  ;is  tli;it.  Why  then  ;ire  ihe  shipnienls  iVotii  these  purl  icnl;ir 
poinis  of  this  par;  icni.ir  kind  :\nd  (pi;dily  ^A'  wIh'.mI  iicide  \  i;i  ( )s- 
we^o,  while  iienrly  ;ill  the  shipmeiils  id'  corn,  o;i!s,  l»;iile\',  r\('  ;ind 
(diic,i'_oi  r^priiiL!,'  whe.'il  :ire  iimde  \  i;i  I JnH-ilo ';'  ()s\\eL;'o  c;in  |iroiidlv 
ho.'.sl  of  Ii;i\in;_i'  the  linest  iloiiriiiu'  mills,  ;iiid  in;imH;icl  iires  the  most 
it'  not  ihe  l)es|  lloiir  of  any  cil\  in  llu'  world.  These  mills  rc(pii!-(' 
;ilid  do  i^'et  ihe  \vv\  lie-|  ipi;ilily  oi"  w  he:it  .o  i^rilid.  Il  h;is  one  oC 
the  mo-l  c\lcnsi\('  corn-sl.irch  m;iiiur;icl  ories  in  the  country.  It 
lliis  line  w;iri'hoiises,  hike  ;ini!  e.in.il  vessels  I'oi'  1  r;ins|(ort  ;il  ion  lo  nnd 
ii'iini  t  Iic;i"  mills  ;i!id  t-iclories;  i|  Is  siirroundetl  l»y  :i  line  nnd  he.-iiiti- 
t'ld  coiiniry;  its  men  orinisiness  ;ire  men  of  entcrpi'isc  :nid  shrewd- 
ness, ,ind  they  deseiNC  success.  \\\  llicir  iiidoinit  ;ilde  pei'se\  cniiicc, 
ihey  liMXc  so  l;ir  succeeded  ;is  to  lti-ine-  to  their  ;iid  the  I'm  tn'ahlc 
.•iclion  ol'the  \arioiis  Hoards  ol' Trade  -  secni'ed  I  he  inlliiencc  ol' t  lu^ 
iS'ew  \  ork  (^nniinii'ri'il  n  mJ  Sli'i  jiji'i  inj  L'n\l^\\w  rcco'jni/.ed  commer- 
cial paper  oi'this  coiit  incut,  .against  the  interests  of  its  own  <-ity  and 
Slate  —  and  secured  ilic  passage  of  a  hill  hy  one  Itrandi  of  the  gen- 
eral government   in  Cavoi-  of  huildinL;"  a  ship  canal  out  ol'the  gcnci-al 


i\'    lllkfS 


i|M'i|  vi;i 
lii'i,  iiriil 


r.'iiii  ;    iti 


()-\v 


i'<j-n 


:f:iin. 


nl    Witt! 


T.ik 


i'W 


(  )n  N\ 


V'li) 


lllC      111' 


hllNllcIS 


Is    W  (M(> 


(•    lo     ho 

1 11  i 1 1 i  1 1  LT 


SC    I  Illt'O 


III  \  U'W 
loll  iil;il"- 
«'  |i:irl  ic- 
iiil  ()  t  lie 


nic  iiicii. 


i:icli  t  ii(^ 
iincrci:!! 
ii'l  i(Mil;ir 


vi;i    Os 


r\('   ;iiii 


proiiiliy 

I  lie  iiiosi 

r('(|ni!-(' 
s  (Uic  ()(' 
itry.      It 

II  lo  :tii<l 
I  lic.-iiiti- 
slircwd- 
\  cniiicc, 
i\(ii';il)l(' 
:■('  of  tlio 


I'OIllIIUM'- 


cil  V  ;iii(l 
I  lie  iicti- 


•it'iu'in 


I'll  III  Is  of  I  lie   I  'ill  led  Stales,  |(»  .•iccoiiiiiiod; 


Ic  ;!  city  of;i   few  t  Iioii'-.iikI 


nihil. il;iiil  s,  niKicr  I  lu 


|Hr:i  ol  '•  w  ;iiit   o|    racilil  i 


I'.  •  :        ■" 


rs,      ;iiiil   I  lie  Imi'.',  i-c.-ir 


() 


r  "•  liiilil  :ii-\ 


iicccssily,      V  lu'ii    ill    rf;ilil\    i|    is    oiil\   ;i    Nirnl    i 


M  II  1  1 1 1 '  ■• 


IU'CC>,-I  I  \ 


w 


nil    liu'  i;;cK   ;iiicl  li^iirc''    hclore    us   .-i:' 


wlu  'I     l)o|  Ii     poillls   ol'    1  I';|||>ri'|'    W 


o   our  |);i^,|    ex  jifiicii 


'  I'*'   Oil    ;i     ].:||-    \\  II  li    t-icli    oliifi-  ;is    |( 


'■.'li*'^  .iii'l  iiu-iliru's,  il   ;i|»j(c;irs  llml   ()^\\('^■(l,  ;is  all  (hiiIcI   {'i,y  \ 

pill-       |l|'Ol|ucl   ions       di'      I'm.      W'l'Sl 

xalii^   ■        New   \'ork      1-  I! 
cliaiiiicl.      1 1    is  t  lie  front  i 


\r  Mir- 


"   fearh    our    cciil  re   of  f(Uiiiiii'rcial 

-l'"l  i^    out     of   I  \\r    \\:>\    ,,f    ill,,    ii.ii  |,,.;i| 


oor  oil  tile  l>a'-k  --I 


O  ( •    o  I     I  1 1  ( •  1 1  o  U  >  ( ' 


an 


liiiiil>fr   aial    sliiimK-s    to  a    iiiaikct, 


oiitK'l    tor   <'aiiailiaii    uraiii,  tloiir 

;iloiiu-'i.i.'  of  our  own  |iroi|iiciioiis,  and  to  ird  a  /'(Hi  icHlur  ijihiiit,/  kA' 


W  Ileal    iVoiii    Toleilo  aiul     M  il 


w  aiikee  lor    I  heir  imlls   ami    fact- 


>l  le-~,    It, 


(loe^   \ery    w  ;'ll  :    liiil    when   liiey  lia\('  "'vaoiniil   llieiraxe,"'  eoinii!  •ree 
aL'.-aiii    seeks    its    natural    ehaiiiie!     at     S\  raeuse,    aiul     "oes 


lie      o  1 1 1 


I'oiile  Iroiii    there,  to  |lu"   Mime  eoiimiei-ei  il  eeiitre,  lo    lim!  a    iiiaik 


I  Mil   i(   ma\'   lie  sail!    1  lial    we  want 


o   L-el    out     llll<i   ill 


e    ocean   willi 


larmr  \essels  iliaii  can  iiass    lliroii^li  the  WeliamI  canal.      Hut    how 
do  I  liese  vessel.'  e\  peel   I  o  L':el   into  the  occm  without   '^'oiiio-  I  liromdi 


the    M.     I, aw  fence    canal 


he    same    '•  iiiililarN    iiecessil  \  ''    that 


woiilM  elo>e  tlie  W  ellami  canal  xsoiild  c!o,e  the  St 


and   we  ceiiainl\   cauiiol   reach  1 1 


le   oce:ii|    uille 


1  w  reiice  canals 


111'  ^  ana<liai:s  Ikixc 


:i    lllllhl    to    let    ll^ 


le  oiil  \    lio 


pi'  leli    111  ca^e  t  hey   refuse  will   he  t  Ii 


leels,  !.>-o   o\cr!aml,  ai'oiin 
,  I  hroiejli    I  uhiicls,  n-jan 


"luariiie  railway/''  take  our  ships  on  wl 
short  ciir\('s,  o\ cr  hiid^es,  under  canals 
less  of  expense.       If   they   run  oil"   ihe    track,  iie\er    mind   thni  ;    thev 

only   weiuii  alioiit   ;;.(H)(i  tons —  pick  up  the  pieces  and  jj,- i  ji 

if  not  hiui;'    had    hapjieiied  ;    t 
done  "  (I  hill  (I, 


le  coiiscioiisiiess  will    remain  of 


isl  as 


a\  mo- 


/  (hinij. 


Iliil   let   us  return  to  reason  and  conniKMi  sense.      If  the  ('anadiaiis 


lia\('  compleled  >hi|)  canals  fnuii   Lake  (  >ntario  to  the  ocean,  of 
p;i<a!y  l<i   chaiiu-e  lIu'   course  of  diir   shipments   awa\'  t 


ca- 


rom   our  ■  wii 


comiiierc  lal  cent  re,  and  not  only  Iraiisfei'  our  carryiii!.^'  trade  hut   (uir 
commercial  iransaclions    fi-diii  our  own    canals   and    oi 


ir  ow  II    |)i(i|ilc 


to    theiii^ehcs,  and    the   only  I  hiiiu'  want  in;.--    is   a    lar.^'er  canal    from 


Lake  I'aie  into   Lake  ( )iit: 


I'i",        sluuild  w  e  \\\\  the  American  peo| 


lie 


to  hit  lid  this  canal ;  aiil  leipale  I  heir  w  aiils  ;  make  t  heir  S| .  Law  naico 
can  lis  valiiahle;  t  rnnsfer  our  hiisinc.ss  fnun  New  \  <.i\\  to  Montreal 
or  (^)iu'l)ec,  aiKJ  |)ay  |?(i,()(H),n()()  for  Ihut  in'h'ihfji  .''  I  <i>',^^  no  \ wn- 
kee  will    reckon  those   thiiiv's  worlh    paying-   for.      Do  the   peojile  of 


■A'lil  ucl\\',     I'eiincssiH 


New    York,    .Mar\land,    l'eiiiis\  |\ania,    .\ 


e\v 


Jersey,  or  any  oUior  Stale,  waiil   to  coiit  rihiile  (heir  nioi 


lev  or  iiillii- 


14 

oiico  1<>  :i  scliciiic  1")  liciiclit  ;i  fV'W  localities?  Or  shall  ^\('  let  the 
Caiiailiaiis  Imild  it  tlnanscKc^,  and  wlicii  ilonc.  h't  tratlic  take  its 
own  coiirsc,  upon  its  own  nici'ils,  accord  inij;  to  llic  laws  ot' ci)iii!ium'- 
cial  necessity  ami  of'suj>])Iy  and  demand? 

Wiien  the  alti'Tation  is  made  in  the  locks  on  the  I'^iai'  cinal,  M'e 
shall  lia\('  lacilitles  enough  I'or  many  yeai's  to  com'"  to  ni(i\c  ]>i'o|»- 
ertv  \ia  liiillaht  and  Oswcu'o  dui'inLi,"  the  season  ot"  na\i'..';at  i(»ii ;  and 
we  shall  u'ain  nothing!,'  hy  addinii,-  the  Niagara  ship  canal,  iiidess  we 
can  hau'  the  winds,  stoians  and  iVost,  duriiiLi'  the  Avintei-,  w  Inai  other 
canak-  and  ri\(.'!'s  iVeeze  n]i ;  or  unless  W(>  can  cont  ri\'e  to  lia\  c  il  run 
as  a  hot  water  canal,  and  ixrX  vt'ssrls  to  vnn  to  and  iVom  it  in  w  intt'r  ; 
or  '_;•('<  <  'oni^-ress  to  ]iass  a  hiU  to  protet-t  it  iVom  such  slight  incon- 
veniences. 


III. 


Asa  "jMililical  necessity"'  tlie  projxxed  Niagara  !'\alls  c;;nal  dii- 
lers  i)u(  little  IVom  many  otiiers.  Local  jtoints  want  loc;il  im;>i'ove- 
nients.  Oiu'wanlsa  liarhor,  aimther  a  hride'e,  anoiher  ri\('i'  im- 
])i'o\cment,  another  lighthouses,  and  a  thousand  otluM"  \\anis.  The 
aahatcaies  of  each  rack  their  hrains  tor  arguments  to  lil'l  the  I'-^jmiu- 
sihility  orj)aying1or  them  oil"  theii' own  siioulders  on  totho'-e  oi'the 
geiu'rous  ]iuhlic,  as  a  "•  national  "  or  '' military  nece->ity."'  I'oli- 
tician^^  and  interested  ]iarties  join  hands  and  mutually  agri'e  U> 
lielji  each  othei'  through.  In  this  instance,  the  real  fads  are,  that  in 
case  tli(  reciprocity  treaty  is  ahrogated  i'or  a  tinu',  and  the  Cana- 
dians retaliate  hy  closing  the  NWdland  canal,  a  i'ew  millei's  at  <)swe- 
go  an<l  ( )giU'nsl)urgli  might  he  com]»elle(l  to  get  a  small  <|Uanlily  of 
wdu'at  \ia  ilull'alo.  IKmkh'  conies  the  (M'y  ol"  "•  want  of  racilities," 
"  miiilai'y  iu'cessity,"\and  '•'nature's  highway,'"'  that  have  heen  set 
up  l»y  certain  int(.'i"ested  ]»artli's  in  (uir  own  State;  and  llu'  echo 
comes  hack  from  the  West,  with  the  athlition  ot"  '' e.\torti(.)n  in 
charges  and  tolls."'  They  want  'Mwo  strings  to  theii'  Ixnv,"  there- 
fore they  join  in  and  s<unid  the  alarm  from  one  end  of  the  counti'V 
to  the  other,  until  C'ongi-ess  coiues  to  their  aid  with  a  hill  appro})ri- 
ating  isi),()00,0O0.  I>y  what  right  does  Congress  enter  the  Slate  of 
Xew  ^'ork  to  huild  a  canal  which  would  roh  tlu'  Stati'  of  the  tolls 
upon  the  canals  now  in  use  ind  belonging  to  the  State':'  J>y  what 
right-  does  it  seek  to  transfer  the  husiness  of  the  Erie  canal  to  the 
St.  Lawrence  canals  —  enlii'elv  out  of  the  United  States — leaving 
us  to  tav  ourselves  to  ]»ay  our  Stale  bonds  given  to  construct  our 
canals?     Ilavo  the  States,  as  States,  lost  all  I'ights  to  pi'otect  their 


I 


15 


■  let  the 
take-   its 

■olllllU'l"- 

Mial,  we 

,(•   jil'op- 

>ii ;  and 
ilc'ss  Ave 
■!i  oIIkt 
V  it  iMui 
w  iiik'i' ; 
I  iiicon- 


Mial  <lii- 
iijii'ove- 
\cr  iin- 
s.     The 

L'  of  tlie 
'  Poli- 
U'l'ci'  Uf 
,  that  in 
e  Cana- 
1  Oswe- 
ait  it y  ol" 
■ilili'es," 
)vvn  set 
he  I't'lio 
•lion  in 
"  tliore- 
country 
»|>i'()jiri- 
Slate  of 
lu"  tolls 
»y  what 
I  to  the 
lc'a\  ino" 
Mict  our 
■ct  tluii" 


m 


own  intt'i'ual  ini|)i'ove'iiKMits  fVoin  sudi  mcroachnicnts  V  li'lmilt  and 
used  ciitircly  as  a  "•  military  ncci'Sviiy,''*'  thr  Liovciamu'nt  iniuht  have 
[)o\\('r  to  construct  the  canal  around  the  {"'alls,  liui  i'or  j»ur|M)-vcs  <if 
conunt'icc  I  d('n\'  whollv  and  totallv,  the  ri'-lit  ot"  ('on"'i'css  to  Ndtc 
away  our  State  property  ami  ii-i\e  it  o\'cr  into  the  hands  of  straiiLjcrs 
and  iMMit  ra!s,  or  to  licnelit  e\clusi\ cly  a  lew  jiersons  alonij,-  tlu'  sjiorcs 
ot"  Lake  <  )iitario, 

Tiic  West  need  ha\'e  no  fears  of  ItciuL!.'  ruine(l  ])y  extoHion,  until 
it  can  Use  nn)re  than  om'-teulh  of  the  trauslei"  capacity  of  nuHalo. 
C\)ml>inal  ions  have  been  Irit'd,  not  because  lliereAvas  so  uuuh  to 
do,  hut  hecause  there  M'as  and  is  so  littU'  to  do  as  compared  with 
the  powei' ami  facilities  to  do  it.  No  lonu"  <luratiou  of  uni"ea<onal)le 
})riccscan  he  maintaine(l  when  the  supply  so  far  ('\cee(ls  t!u' dicinaiid. 
Politicians  ucncrally  assail  a  successful  euterpiize  for  a  disisiou  of 
pi'oiits  <)!•  a  reduction  of  their  ea.rninus. 

The  Mrie  canal,  as  a  State  enlerpri/e.  has  been  a  sm'ce>s;  and  the 
"direct  roule/'' \ia  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  hai'jicd  upon  louct  a  reduc- 
tion of  tolls  without  e\'cn  a  cart'  tor  tin'  etfccts  oi-  iH'sidts  of  ihcir  jiat- 
riotic  ciforts  to  imiio\crish  our  State  treasury,  ami  compel  the  la.\- 
<i;athcrer  to  take  the  amount  of  our  earinuus  and  hand  it  over  to  ihe 
]_»rt)(lu.(a'rs  of  the  AVesf ,  a.fter  ]ia\iim'  alread\'  reduce<i  the  tolls  cl^hl  v- 
eiu'ht  per  (-ent.  foi-  iheir  henelit. 

"^^Jdie  remarks  of  our  State  .Vudilor  on  th's  point,  co\er  tlu'ui-ouml. 
Jle  says  : 

"  ANlicii.  in  1SI7.  New  ^'ork  eniiiij^cil  in  tlic  tlicii  i;iii:uilic  ciift'i'iirizc  of  in;ikinfr  a 
miviji'alik' wilier  coiiuiuiiiieatiuii.  Lnniieeiinj;-  lake  iMJewiiii  the  llmUeii  ri\ci,  sIk^ 
could  liiid  no  mic  \<)  liclp  liei'.  or  wish  tier  ^ood  luck.  We  persevered,  we  ci'iiii  lcte(t 
the  oriiriiial  work,  and  o|ieiied  ihe  taeiliiies  tor  pianlin^^  an  enuiii'e  at  llie  We-i.  all  of 
whirh  was  llicn.  in  ISlT).  u  wilih'i'ness.  Nay.  more,  we  in  ls,'jr>  connnenecd  ihewmk 
of  enhniicnient  of  tJu'  Krie  canal  lo  nn'et  liie  jirowini:'  wants  of  that  enijiin'  v.e  had 
HO  essenliallv  aided  in  crealinu'.  and  the  hand  and  arm  that  we  in\  i.iiorated  and 
sti'enutliened  are  now  turned  upon  us  and  stiike  us  do\\  n. 

In  (!i)ni;il<':iiiLr  our  works  we  ixu'rowed  money  and  incurred  a  detit  which  ^vo 
now  owe  anil  must  pay.  Shall  we  lax  onrsfivcs  to  ]iay  this  dchi,  and  make  onr  ca- 
nals a  tree  hiuhway,  lo  l)i  iielil  those  who  will  not  pay  any  of  that  tax  (U-  liear  any  of 
oin-  iMirdt'us  .'  We  have  never  soiiiihl  or  attempted  lo  levy  aiul  collect  more  toHs  on 
oiu-  pultlic  works  than  would  enal'le  us  from  thai  soiu'ce  to  keep  them  in  icj'air  and 
pay  the  interest  and  reiml)urse  Iho  i»riiuapal,  as  it  matures,  of  the  debt  coiiliacled 
for  their  construction." 

If  this  is  true,  is  it  reasonable  to  e\j)ect  us  to  do  morey  Tf  the 
West  wants  th(.'  canal  math'  toll-free,  let  the  uctu'ral  L;-o\-ernmcnt  pay 
the  State  for  its  outlay,  incix'.ase  the  capacity  of  the  locks,  kcc|i  ijiciii 
in  repair,  and  lain  them  i'vi'v  ol"  loll.  >'ew  "i'ork  will  i;-<»  w  ith  tin? 
^^'est  hand  in  hand  ami  shout  '"amen'"  as  loud  as  it  can.  We  want 
free  country,  i'vec  men,  and  free  canals  as  much  ;is  the  "\\'est  does. 
I>ul  M  hen  ;i  caiud  is  ;i  local  l)t'nefit,  the  o'eneral  government,  in  jus- 


ir. 

lice  lollu'  u'lMioral  jxililic  lunl  lo  tliosc  Sliilos  li;i\iiii^^  no  iutcM'cst 
\\li;iU'VC'i"  ill  llic  work,  ;iiiil  \\iiii  1  iKTclnrc  <iiiLilit  not  lo  !»(■  CilliMl 
11]  11)11  1  ()  colli  I'll  )ii(('  ;iii\t  hill  ii'  t  (•  llu'ir  coiisf  niclion  or  sii]i|iori,  should 
Irl  lh:it  rcclioii  shoiihh  r  ils  own  h);i(l  ;iii<l  carr}'  it,  as  we  have  <loii(', 
ami  not  seek  to  load  us  down  with  i'i\al  lines  that  <!o  not  cnricli 
tliciii,  liut  make  us  poor  ii'.dccMl. 

Wv  iiiav  ill  lime  iT(|uii('  a(l<rui(»nal  lacilitics  Lcyoinl  \\liat  llic  in- 
creased caiKicil  \' ol' t  he  locks  coiiii'ni|ilated  may  ui\'e  us,  l.iit  u c  can- 
uol  jud'^'e  our  increased  wants  (  ori'ectiy  l>y  ihe  li'iures  oi'  isiil,  "(;2. 
'(i:!  and  'li  k  The  closiiiL!,'  ot'  the  Mississijijii  in  Isir.j.  and  the  |»re]ia- 
rafioii  lor  war  on  \\\r  part  oi'tlu-  South,  suspended  shijjnienls  of  the 
surplus  pi-odiict  ions  down  theii'  leuitinia.te  ami  nalural  soiithei'n  oul- 
U'ts,  and  lurned  into  the  nonheiai  channel  .dl  t  he  t  ra.de  lli:;l  ro!niei'ly 
went  down  the  ()liio,  Cunilierland,  M'ennessee,  ."Mississippi  and  .Mis- 
souri ii\'ers  ;iiid  their  t  ilhntai'ies,  as  well  as  all  that  was  usually  .-en<, 
South  l>y  railroad.  '^Phe  i>aItiuiore  iv  Ohio  railroad  a\- a. s  rer.<leri'd 
liiis;ite  lor  hiisiness,  The  u'o\c'i'iinient  occupied  the  lli'st  ]'lace  lor 
the  I  i':insp(M'tatioii  of  iiuai  ;iiid  supplies,  imd  took  i'laun  our  roiids  Just 
as  many  ears  and  en'_;ines  as  they  likeil,  besides  occaipyiii'.';  all  tlio 
work -hops  w  here  niort'  coiild  he  1  mi  It  ;  thus  le:i\'inn'  a  limiied  amount 
of  roHiiii;'  slock  on  liaml.  Tender  all  these  disad\  antaii'es — w  lien 
the  entire  surplus  ]»rodiiciions  wi're  throw  n  unexpecteiUy  upon  our 
canaN  and  I'a.ilroads  foi-  t ra.nspoi-tation  —  fc  dhl  not j'<ilH<>  unit  iJie 
O'diif.^  tij'  till'    Misl  /^^•  lo/i'l  (IH  ii(iri</(il!(ni   ift/s  ()j>ij/, 

"^riie  II, mill  Ill-Ill  iiicreasi'  oi' business  Avas  not  such  as  ^\■ill  continuo. 
CoinpariiiL:,"  the  aitiounl  <»!' wheat  and  llotii-  shipped  from  ijuil'.'.lo  a,nd 
Osweu'i)  for  the  four  yeai's  oi'  liie  war,  and  we  iind  there  wvrv  sliip- 
pe(l  i'i-oni  r>iili'alo,  in  ist;i  and  'ill',  of  w  IicmI  and  Hour.  I  .(j-'is,-"")!;' ^ons 
and  in  ]>iV-\  ami  '('» t  we  llml  shipjuMl  only  .1  ,lw  l,;!si)  loiis,  showjiig  ;i 
di'creas"  iVoin  Uiiil'ilo  of  isijim  ions. 

i"'ro!ii  Oswt'ij^'o  in  INOI  ami  '(iii,  •"■).■):;,!)  1  <;  Ions,  and  i'oi'  Isii:!  and 
'Gl,  there  w;is  shij)]»ed  only  ;M4,()7(*  tons,  show  in^•  a  decrea-;e  oi" 
2on,LM(>  Ions.  J'.utl'alo  decreased  about  thirty  per  cent.,  Oswcii'o 
about  tllil•ly-ei^•llt  piu'  cent.  'I'he  tola!  decioase  of  tonnau'e  in  1  SG4 
from  1  s(;:>,  was  Tf'l.T-'Jl  tou'^. 

'^riie  I'aVes  of  toll  on  the  canals  have  lu'en  the  saim*  I'oi"  the  last 
three  years,  ami  look  at  the  decreast'  of  lolls  recei\e(l.  In  Isc.;;  the 
receijits  were  s:.").");5,7of)  U'ss  than  in  IsOl';  and  in  iMil  were  auaiii 
decri'ased  s<i')r)l,L'-J."')  less  than  in  I  80:i  —  niakiiiL;'  a  decrease  of  l(»lls 
in  tW(  years  of  n|  ,'J(l  t.Oti! .  Thus  far  ihe  decrease  I'm-  INC.-)  is  more 
than  double  ihat  of  last  year,  and  the  receijits  are  estimated  to  Ite 
<uil\   .about  one-third  of  those  of  1802. 


Th 


i)    OI 

w  he;'. 
i;iv(>r 
the  III 
rel. 
St.  I.; 
to  u 


17 


IT 


V  :-CIlt, 


Tlic  I'icts  sinlfd  ill  my  ioniici-  ;ii iicUs,  in  rcrcrriicc  to  tlic  |)iCM'iit 
liiriil  l)U>iiirss  on  the  hikes  iind  ciiiKil,  jn'ovc  cniichi^ix d y  tli;i1  willi 
till'  ret  urn  of  |K';i(H',  slii]inu'ii1s  arc  rcsiiininu  tl;rir<>M  ;in(I  n.ilunil 
(•li.iniicls;  ;in(l  tlii.-:,  InlaMi  in  coiiiiccl  ion  with  the  sii]i]ilv  iicciKmI  loi- 
consiinijition  ;it  the  Soutli,  is  IcnxiiiL;'  lis  more  c-iii;!!  ;iii(l  r.'iilrn;!*!  i;i- 
cilitics  tli;in  V.  ('  (•;in  in.'ii^c  use  of  ;il  ;i  prolil ,  cxccjit  ilni'iiii^-  n  Tew 
Mct'ks  in  tlic  1-1 11  ol'  the  yc'T.  llulhihi  h.-is  no  coiit  ml  o\  it  the  winds, 
and  when  tlicro  is  a  (•(iniinuoiis  blow  nji  the  Inkc  d'  --vM'V.A  d;i\s  in 
succession,  l'oll()\\-ed  by  a  change  oi'  w  ind,  there  is  sent  into  our  har- 
bor, perhaps  ,1  hundred  or  more  \  essels,  ;ill  wiihin  a  lew  hour-.  A 
iiundri'd  or  more  ele\ators  w  (»uld  lie  needed  to  di.-charuc  e\  cin  c.ir- 
<Xn  so  th.al  the  \-essels  could  lca,\e  the  same  d;iy.  I^'oiir  or  li\c  hun- 
dred camd  boats  would  Iiar<ily  nuel  Mich  n  demand,  and  it  is  unrea- 
sonable to  cNpi'ct  I'acilit  ies  for  such  exi  i';«ordirary  circumslnnces.  it, 
would  lie  as  reasonable  to  demand  another  canal  built  to  ].ro\id(! 
i'or  accidents  on  the  pre.-ent  one.  1  as^ei't,  howe\er.  lliat  IbiU'alo 
can  do  as  well,  if  not  better,  than  any  other  ))ort  under  such  cir- 
cinnstaiices. 

The  Niagara  sliip  canal  would  be  of  lit  tie  benefit  to  throimli  ship- 
iiUMits,  in  yeai's  w  luai  a  Ibreiun  market  is  supplied  t'rom  other  sources, 
as  has  been  the  ca.se  Ibr  the  last  llr.ee  years.  The  cxjiorts  li-oni  llie 
I'liited  Slates  iVom  the  b^f  »,r  Scpicudier,  b^(M,  to  \\\v  li'ih  olMiaie, 
ISi.i.").  to  (ircat  Ib'itain,  \\ereoiily  I  ,(i  1  :),ns:;  bushels  ot' wheat.  •_''J.'')..VJO 
bushels  of  corn,  and  '.)7,Slt  bbls.  of  ll(/iir,  t lie  perceiitau'e  beiicr  oiil v 
5  Ol'  Hour,  ii.l  of  wdieat,  and  'J  ol'  coiai  on  what  ii  was  in  isci  and 
"ilJ  ioi-  the  same  period.  Ocisin  freiu'hts  lia\cnot  stood  in  the  w;n-; 
Avhea.t  and  corn  lin\-e  been  taken  in  steamships  from  New  ^'(»rk  to 
l/i\-ei-pool  loi-  i/(i,'/if'jti/,  and  three  cents  has  been  an  outside  liuurc 
the  most  of  the  season;  iloiir  has  beiai  taken  at  (id  to  1  od  ]ier  bai'- 
]'el.  TIn'si'  limi]-es  do  not  look  fa\'orablc  fbr  a  diri-ct  rouli'  \  ia  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  tlie  Atlantic  ocean.  If  we  had  a  ship  canal  L:i\('n 
to  us  we  could  not  have  used  it  Ibr  llmi  purpo-e.  A''/'-  ^'of/r  /.•.•  f/ir 
.-iuiporf  i>j'//u's  coil, iti'ij  for  iji-a'di  kIujihii  iil.-i.  At  ?\ew  ork  we  liu'ct 
the  ships  of  the  world  and  orders  ibr  u'rain.  if  any,  and  we  there 
meet  the  sale  Ibr  our  own  counti'y  and  t  he  b;daiice  ol"  t  he  A\orld  ; 
Manic  \\:\  the  St.  Lawrence  wc  come  out  into  open  st'a  and  meet  ice- 
IxM-u's  ;ind  u'et  a  taste  of  salt  water.  We  Iind  no  customers,  no  <!es- 
tinaliMn    but    Liver|iool  worth   iiieutiimiiiu-,   and   that     market    over- 


18 


stocked.  Tlicso  fiK'fs  do  iiol  i'oiH'sliadow  the  ''  iiuiiHMliiitc  i'()ii^li'iu'- 
tioii  ol'tlic  Xi;l^•;ll•;i  ship  Ciili.ll/' 

The  coiistMiitly  dcci-casiiiu'  lolls  niid  iVriuliI  oil  lilt'  Slate  eaiiids; 
tlic  constantly  iiicrea>iiiu-  (•ai)acity  to  iiuu't  the  \\aiits  ol"  the  West, 
at  the  same  tiuK;  that  the  cost  of  operaliiiLi,-  and  keejiinLi'  them  in  re- 
pair is  rapiiily  inci-easinLi' ;  and  our  doire  to  increase  the  capacity 
of  the  locks  to  i:'i\i'  a  I'urllier  capacity  ol'  •J()ii,(i()(),0()()  hushels,  shouhl 
he  a  token  of  tVieudship  and  love  hetween  the  Kn\pirc  State  and  her 
sisler  Slates  of  tlu'  (ireat  Xorthwest.  AVe  will  decrease  the  tolls 
jus!  as  last  as  the  liirr<i(.^(:d  l)U>iness  will  v\  ai'rant  it  Ijeinn"  <h'iie.  If 
the  West  iiad  a  thousand  camds  it  could  do  no  m<»re,  and  )>e  just  to 
itself. 

.'Sir.  Jjenton  savs: 


/ 


••  ir  N'cu"  V<irk  linld-:  a  lociil  lui.-iliun  ndvniilnu'ccms  to  cxlcrinr  (I'adc  jiitd  iiilciin!" 
Iriiljic.  i>  iliis  ii  crime  Inr  whicli  slic  iiui-^l  or  sliould  lie  dciinuiu'cd  iiiid  piniislicd  '.'  Jf 
)iy  lii'i'  (in  II  iiiciuis  iiiid  (he  wisdom  iiiid  lurcciisl  ol'  iicr  slatcsiiicii  slic  \\\\<  iiii|iiM\('d 
lliu-c  Idc.il  aii\i"iiaa('-.  iKil  (iidy  to  iicr  own  liciH'lil.  1ml  I'oi'  the  wclliirc  ot'Iicr  iiciuli- 
l)ur>.  sjioidd  she  tc  dciioiniccd  as  cxldrlidiialc  ln'causc  siic  says  to  liieiii  'ii^cllicsf 
laiilnics  i'nr  trallic  in  cniiininii  wiili  ail  tiicwoi-ld  liv  I'.ayiiii;- a  fair  and  rt'asoiiai)lo 
{•i)iii|.iMi^arHiii  tlifrcl'or '.' ■  IT  ciiiiliiiialinns  c'\i>t  al  ('l:ica'_;n.  at  I'liliale.  and  at  olliei' 
jilai't's  inimical  to  liMllic.  in  whirii  the  State  lias  no  pari  or  lot.  tlio  ti'iidciicics  ol'  wliich 
',\v.-  lo  di'ivc  trade  from  oiii-  caiiais.  is  ii  ri!i;li(.  Just  and  in'ojtiT  for  llie  Stale  to  levy 
lliesi'  linrllit-ns  upon  licr  |)i'opl('.  as  she  must  ami  will  do  \vli('n  she  aliandons  the  lolls 
on  I'.i'r  canals  '.■'  Any  Li'ovcrnmciii  thai  impo-es  imriiicns  uiion  all  its  ciii/,"ns  lo  hen- 
elit  iiidi\iduals,  must  soon  lose  pulilic  coin'idencc.  and  will  richly  deserve  the  cou- 
1  cm pt  of  the  world.  Our  toll  rates  are  not.  and  ha\'e  not  hcen.  any  liiiilier  ihan  ihev 
Avere  in  ls.")7  on  a:j.'ricn!lural  jirodncts.  when  the  tidls  were  paiil  and  were  payahle  in 
<;'old  and  silver,  en' an  cipiivalenl.  Docs  the  We-t  complain  of  this'.'  lias  sli,.  f,.lt 
thi-  conduct  un  the  part  of  New  York  to  he  wron.u'.  ojiprcssive  and  exorialaiU  tax- 
uli-m  '.'  ■■ 


'Thei't'  sliould  hello  rivalry  or  jealousies  lieiweeii  tlie  .l']ast  atid  the 
West,  for  when  we  look  at  the  ''City  of  the  Straits,''  (U-  the  'Miar- 
(h'li  ("ity  of  the  West,""'  or  Milwaukee,  St.  Paid,  or  ;my  other  c'ly, 
county  or  town  upon  i  he  hi-o.-.d  expanse  of  this  fair  and  fertile  West- 
eiai  World,  Me  lind  the  seed  from  which  spra.tiL-;  western  eiiteip'risc 
.and  shrewdness — vhicli  has  rijieiuul  into  jiowxa'aml  unexampled 
^a-eatness  and  prosperity —  I  say  the  ^eed  w.as  the  '^  unixcrsai  ^'an- 
kee."  Xew  York  and  olhei'  Nev,'  ICnu'land  Stall's  ]»lanted  tln'  o'erni 
ol"  this  oa-eat  W'^t'stern  iMiijiire,  which  soon  spread  its  fame  to  the 
o\'er-populite(l  countries  across  the  ocean,  indueiiiij,"  liuiidreils  of 
thousands  to  seek  homes  upon  its  biaiad  pr.airies.  Now,  n<»  nation 
on  ea.rtli — no  I'astern  State,  not  e\eii  Canada  —  can  strike  a  lilow 
au'aiiist  the  welfare  of  the  West  williotit  sendiiiu"  tlie  .arrows  of  ;if- 
Hictiou  direetlv  into  the  hearts  r»f  their  own  olfsininL'  ami  lamilv 
friends.  Therefore  the  l\,asteiai  States  and  the  whole  world  respond 
a:i<l    rijoice  in  AVestern   ^a-eatness  tind  prosjierity.     A\'e  w  ill   ojieii 


1 


10 


(.•aiKiIs  ; 
•  \Vcst, 
II  ill  IX'- 
■:il);i.-ity 
,  should 
and  lier 
he  tolls 

iHH'.        If 
'  just  to 


(1  iiilcriiT 

illilii'nvcd 

wv  nciu'li- 
ii'^c  lli('<e 
cusniuiblo 
(1  at  (.llicr 
i  n\'  which 
Ic  to  levy 
1-^  till-  Inlfs 
H    In   hcil- 

■  llic  coii- 
iliaii  ilicy 
iiiviilili'  ill 
^  Vlu"    f.'lt 

iitaiU  tux- 


lul  the 
''  (;;ir- 
ici'  city, 
(■  VVcst- 
tt'iiu'lsc 
\;iiii]iKm1 
<;ii  V;m- 

IV   Li'l'I'Ill 

'  to  the 
h'l'ils  of 
(  nation 
a  Mow 
■s  of  at- 
l   i'aiuily 

l'CS|H;n(l 

ill   oueii 


i 


tlio  door,-;  -vvidi'i'  and  widof,  lor  its  iiicroasod  ju'odiu'tions,  as  iiist  as 
as  it  (Mil  reasonably  dcmaiul  it;  luit  avi'  ask  the  AVest,  in  I'eturn, 
not  to  sliL;'Iit  its  old  and  eai'ly  friends,  or  <j;i)  st  lunldini;'  o\er  ditli- 
cnlties  throuii'h  Canada,  down  tlic  St,  Lawrence,  out  of  the  ( iiilf, 
aromnl  Xova  Scotia,  and  aloiiLC  its  danu'ei'oiis  coast  to  u'et  to  Uoston. 
Fn  short,  we  ask  the  West  not  to  bite  its  own  in)se  oil",  io  s[)iie  the 
Xew  ^^)rk  State  canals. 

I  have  been  thus  jtarticular  and  leni^'tliy  in  reu'ard  to  canal  navi- 
U'ation,  for  the  reason  that  if  the  Xiau'ura  Ship  Canal  is  ever  bnili, 
it  nuist  1)0  a  rival  to  our  State  canals,  neither  of  Mhich  can  be  nsed 
in  winter. 

The  accumulalion  of  freight  on  our  raiIroa<ls  dui'lnj^'  a  few  wet-ks 
in  winter,  avIumi  all  oui"  Northeiai  canals,  Irikes  and  rivers  ai'i'  closed 
with  ice,  lias  been  a  cause  of  much  complaint,  and  from  this  cause 
the  demand  from  the  Wi'st  has  been  made  foi"  increased  facilities. 
Consider  the  circumstances  in  which  our  ij,i"eat  Xortlu'rn  lines  ol 
railroad  have  been  jilaced  for  tlie  last  four  years  of  wai".  The  u'ov- 
ernment  has  taken  all  the  cars  and  engines  it  pleased,  and  used  ail 
tlu'  workshoj)s  wlii'ii  more  were  to  be  made.  It  lias  occipied  the 
lines  for  public  l)usiness.  After  the  u-overnnient  came  live  stock, 
next  ahead  of  ordinary  frei<;'ht.  Storms  and  intense  cold  weather 
set  in,  (lisablini^  the  cars,  engines  and  track.  The  scarcity  of  labor 
left  the  wood  uncut,  so  that  a  sup]ily  of  dry  wood  Avas  iu)t  to  be 
had.  Iron  Avas  hin'h  a.nd  the  jiassenu'er  tratlic;  Avas  limited.  '^Plie 
inci'cased  price  of  freight  did  not  keep  }»:ice  Avith  the  increased 
ex}>enses. 

Ltist  Avinter  Avas  one  of  nnnsnal  length  and  severity.  I'or  Avet'ks 
together  the  Xow  York  State  roads  could  not  run  |)asscngei"  trains 
on  time.  Some  trains  with  six  locomotives  failed  to  make  time,  or 
got  the  nmils  over  the  road  for  days  after  they  Avere  due.  At  one 
lime  it  took  four  days  and  nights  to  p:et  the  mails  from  l^etroit  to 
liuHalo.  One  storm  succeede(l  anothei",  until  Ave  had  a  total  fall, 
during  the  Avinter,  often  feet  and  eight  inches  of  snoAV.  There  Avere 
sixty  locomotives  disabled  in  as  manv  daA's  on  one  division  of  the 
road.  The  Xew  York  Central  road,  from  the  1st  of  January  to  the 
1st  of^Earch,  only  averaged  from  lUiffalo  and  Susju'iision  Jiridge,  over 
live  stock,  280  tons  ])er  day;  Avheii  in  an  ordinary  time,  Avith  their 
full  force,  they  can  run  a  total  of  about  4,000  tons  daily.  AVhon  the 
snoAV  Avent  off,  there  Avas  a  Hood,  av1u>  h  SAvept  aAvay  buildings, 
bridges,  culverts  and  embankments  into  one  common  ruin,  requir- 
ing Aveeks  to  repair  the  damages.  Therefore,  to  measure  the  capa- 
city of  these  railroads  to  move  property  under  ordinary  circtnn- 


20 


sliuicos,  1»y  what  was  doiu'  last  Avinlcv,  is  inifnir  and  unc^ciU'Vous 
towards  tlicni.  TluTi-  ;n\'  iinu-  miU's  and  miles  of  i-ars,  rust  inn' 
ujioii  tiic  track,  waiting-  to  do  AVcstcni  Inisinuss  at  ruinously  luw 
rates. 

The  (Jrand  'Piunk  ''oatl  tVoin  DeJroil  t.>  roiiland,  that  ihrew  ihe 
New  Voi'ker^  into  spasms  when  ithi'st  opened,  for  fear  ol' its  taking 
all  the  l)n>iness  to  IJi'ston,  hrin^'  short  of  rollim;-  slock,  aiul  havinu," 
only  an  o\cr-stock  of  tloatinu"  deht  to  |)r()cui'e  more  Avilh,  did  not 
eoiiie  u|i  to  the  mark  and  do  all  that  was  expeeted  of  it;  yet  it  did  car- 
ry a  lar^-e  amount  of  LiM'rpool  freight  from  Cincinnati  and  Chicago 
at  I'idiculon^lv  low  I'ates,  to  kei'ii  it  awav  tVom  New  ^'oi'k  or  Boston. 
This  was  done  to  fa\()i'  the  line  of  steamers  running  to  Portland, 
when  the  ro.ad  cotdd  lia\o  earned  from  -sto  to  -'57(1  per  car  more  for 
the  same  fri'lght  to  Xew  Voik.  It  also  la\'oi'e(l  hringing  local  Ca- 
nadian produce  to  oui'  markets,  hei-ause  it  paid  gold  or  Camida 
money  to  our  lines,  thus  not  only  siiutting  out  our  own  })roductions 
from  our  own  markets,  hut  largely  swelling  the  volume  of  tr.alHc 
on  (Mir  own  overburdened  roads  from  (>ur  border  ]»orts  to  the  l-'a.st. 
The  i-epeal  of  the  Ueciproeity  Treaty  will  give  oui- westei'u  jtrodut-e 
dealers  an  inci'i-ased  ca[>acity  on  our  own  roads,  e(pial  to  that  tor- 
merly  used  by  Canadian  pro[)erty  Avhich  was  sold  in  our  mai"kets. 
Formerly  our  own  shipiiei's  were  shut  out  l)y  it,  and  in  man}'  in- 
stances the  Can.idian  ship})er  realizetl  a  good  profit  in  our  imirket, 
free  of  duty,  while  the  losses  were  very  heavy  upon  our  own  Avestern 
shippers. 

This  combination  of  circumstances  ran  freights  up  very  high,  but 
the  Niagara  shij)  canal  at  that  time  would  have  furnished  no  relief 
whatever.  The  AVest  could,  not  use  a  8*5,000,000  canal,  with  three 
feet  of  ice  in  it,  to  cheapen  railroad  freight  while  the  winter  laste«l ; 
antl  in  summer  it  could  not  nse  all  our  canal  capacity.  The  govern- 
ment took  from  1,200  to  1,500  canal  boats  and  run  them  up  the  Po- 
tomac, the  James  and  other  rivers,  and  into  the  bays  all  along  the 
coast,  and  they  were  never  missed.  "With  tlie  increase  in  size  of  our 
locks  as  contemplated,  so  that  a  larger  class  of  boats  can  i)ass  in  and 
out  readilv.  New  York  can  do  all  the  sunnncr  and  fall  business  of 
the  West  for  many  years  to  come.  The  "military  necessity"  is 
growing  beautifully  less  every  day.  The  overthrow  of  the  late  gi- 
gantic rebellion,  and  the  complete  success  of  our  victorious  army 
and  navy,  have  demonstrated  the  powder  of  this  government;  so  we 
should  have  no  great  fear  of  the  Canadhins  "  letting  loose  the  dogs 
of  war  "  npon  us.  Their  ambition  runs  more  to  canals  and  railroads. 
They  care  more  to  relieve  us  of  the  heavy  burdens  of  commerce  we 


21 


IK' 


1,  but 
reljet' 
tliree 
isU'tl ; 
Dvern- 
u'  Po- 
ig  the 
of  ouv 
in  and 
iicss  oi' 
ty"   is 
ate  gi- 
anny 
so  we 
c  clogs 
Iroads. 
rcc  wu 


■yk 


oonii»laiii  so  niucli  about.     W'v  An  not  dcsii-e  lo  make  war  u]ion  lluni. 
True,  our  own  xagabonds  have  !!ia<h'  some  raids  u)ion  ns  from  tluir 
shores,  l»ul    no  country  is  tree  iVoni  rogues  and  dislionoral)k'  men. 
Our  own  country  furnishes  a  bloody  ilbistration  of  this  tiict.     Can- 
ada couhl  no  more  ]»i-event  tlie  St.  iVIbans  and  Detroit  raids  tlian  we 
could  prevent  men  from  going  to  Canada  in  lS'.i7^  and  we  know  iiow 
hard  Ave  tried  to  ])i-event  men  fVoin  going  there?  then  !     Tf  our  Cana- 
dian fi'iends  had  done  the  sanu'  witli  us,  and  we  liad  got  no  warning 
and  friendly  voice  from  their  C.o\ci-nor  (leneral,  our  fVontier  cities 
ami  towns  would   now  j»robab]y  be  in  one  mass  of  ruins.     AVe  do 
not  cliai'ge  llicm  with  cause   fbr  wai",  for  that    friendh'  act.     Thv\ 
Spent    about  a  riillion  of  (h)llars  in   ]U'<»tceting  their  iVonlier  —  not 
from  UN.  I)ut  to  prevent  our  own  peo]»le  committing  depredat!<ins 
upon   w-,  and   ,  aid  us  back  the  money  stolen   at  St.  ^\il»ans  by  our 
own  people.     ^Ve  certainly  have  no  cause  of  complaint  for  all  this. 
We  ai'e  not  a  nation  of  cowards  to  fear  them,  and  they  ai'c  fir  too 
sensible  to  invite  war  with  us;  but   sliould  that  unfoiiunate   time 
ever  ai'rive,  and  that  vast  ileet  of  guid»oats  from  England  spring  the 
trap  upon  the  Oswego  ship})ing,  all  "  unbeknoMU  to  us,"  as  feared 
bvour  Oswego  friends,  they  will  iind  our  tirst  "militarv  necessitv'" 
will  have  been  .'iccomplislied,  and,  we  shall  (or  should  be)  in  full  pos- 
session ol"  tlu'ii"  canal  to  kce]>  them  from  using  it  against  us.     Our 
frontier  would  be  north  of  their  canal,  and  we  should  "tight  it  out 
Oil  that  line,"  using  their  canal  for  our  "  military  necessity,"  instead 
of  building  a7iother  within  range  of  their  guns  on  this  side  of  the 
river. 

Therefore,  as  a  "commercial  necessity"  we  can  do  without  the 
Niagara  ship  canal,  and  I  deny  M'hoUy  and  tot.ally  the  right  <jf  the 
general  government  to  force  it  upon  our  State  against  its  interests 
and  its  wishes.  "Political  necessity  "  should  not  so  far  forget  the 
general  interests  of  the  peo]>le  as  to  urge  such  a  useless  work  at  such 
a  cost,  merely  to  beiietlt  a  few  persons,  or  to  put  business  into  the 
liaiids  of  others,  or  to  furnish  a  p)articular  kind  of  wheat  to  n  few 
millers. 

We  like  Oswego,  we  like  its  men  and  its  tlour,  m  '  .)  like  its 
bread,  but  we  think  it  wants  a  little  too  much  gover.;:  .eiit  butter. 
The  Xew  York  State  canals  cannot  allow  the  West  to  take  (piite  so 
much  from  them,  merely  to  transfer  it  to  the  St.  Lawrence  canals, 
or  to  benefit  a  local  few  Avho  are  likely  to  disappoint  themselves  by 
trying  to  do  all  the  business  of  the  West,  leaving  Buffalo  out  in  the 
wet. 


r'^ciruociTY 


WITH  TUK  ni:rpisi[  xouTir  A^rKincAX  provtxcks. 


T. 


Kcciin'ocily,  as  u'l'iiorally  uiidiTstood  in  comiucrcia!  ti'aiisa('li(»ii»', 
moans  an  ('»|iial  cxclianu'c  ot'ooniinodilics  or  |ir()<lucti(»ns,  w lie  re  each 
iiai'tv  is  iimtiiallv  l)C'n(.'{itO(l,  iicillicr  lia\inLr  an  untlnc  ail\  anla'^o 
ovei' llic  other,  '^riic  notice  lia\  in-'-  licen  ^iven  l»v  our  li'on  ernnicnt 
lo  (ii'eat  ])i'itain  to  terminate  llie  existing'  au'ri'einent  l»et\veen  us 
and  tliem  as  regards  tradt'  ^^ilh  the  Hritisii  Xoiih  American  Coh)- 
nies,  is  producing  a  a\  onderlul  amount  of  argument  Ironi  hodi  >.1(K'S 
ortlieline;  and  the  most  remarkaltle  part  of  tlie  argumenl  iVom 
l)Otli  parties  is,  tliat  hoth  havel»C'en  cheated  by  its  o[K'rati»>ns.  Tho 
fact,  however,  tliat  tlie  iidiabitants  of  iho  Provinces  are,  at  hi'art,  w'd- 
linu"  to  continue  the  same  clicat,  altliouii'li  tlieir  arguments  i.'o  to  show 
that  tliey  confer  a  great  favor  upon  us  )»y  doing  so,  must  con\ince 
any  reasonable  mind  that  tliey  liave  no  faith  in  their  o^vll  statemeuts. 

In  oi'der  fully  to  understand  both  sides  of  the  ([uestion  it  is  neces- 
sary to  understand  in  detail  the  woi'king  of  the  ordinary  coninier- 
cial  trausactions  between  the  t^vo  coimU-ies,  and  the  reasons  why 
nents  do  not  i)ro\e  what  they  ajipear  to  on   the  sur- 


C 


fac(. 


madian  ar<xui 


Therefore,  I  purpose  to  take  the  arguments  for  the  treaty, 
and  re})ly  to  theui  as  they  a])pe^ir  to  me  to  deserve,  under  the  re- 
s])ective  Jieads  of  Ueciprocity  in  the  Fisheries  and  Coal,  ]Jeci]»rocity 
in  Ih-eadstutfs,  Reciprocity  in  Navigation,  and  liecii)rocity  in  feeling 
l^etween  the  parties. 

RECiriiOCITY  IN  THE  VISHEllIES. 

''  The  speaker  then  showed  tlio  advantage  gained  by  tlio  I'^nited  States  in  flie  fish- 
ing grounds  and  tliat  when  he  gave  his  vote  against  it  in  the  Nova  Scotia  Legisla- 
ture, he  said.  '  What  !  Give  up  these  rich  lisheries  in  exchange  ibr  the  worn-out 
ones  on  the  Southern  coast  ? '    He  said  the  L'nited  States  had  all  the  advantages. 


ir 


lie 


aiKl 

all 

Me 

ct- 

pa>j 

fish 

/ishl 

jKiy 

1S:.| 

trie 

for 

J)Ut( 

oth« 


23 

*  '  *  Now  it  was  just  siicli  :i  lunixisitioii  n^  lliis  :  Siippnso  (wo  fni'ini'is  livcil 
0|i|i(i^lii'  lai'li  (tllii'i",  mill  (iiic  ciiiiiiH'il  iiiid  crdpiicd  iiiilil  he  IkuI  lakcii  lln'  siili>i;mi'(' 
(iiii  III'  ilii>  laiiil  —  111)  Icrlilily  Ii-I'i  ;  iIh-  (illn-r  was  jii.-t  u|icuiii;i-  a  \  irj;iii  ."-"il  wliicli  liail 
111. I  hiTii  cxliiiiisti'il.''  —  h\vlradJ'i'oiH  tlm  lit  p.  it  cf  Umi.  ./o.M'jih  Jloirv  ;  xjifccli  <it  tin 
l>t  Irii'it  (Jint'tiiU'iii, 


CKS. 


re  r:\r\i 
nlitit^'O 
rnnii'iit 
•I'C'U  us 

I    Coli)- 

lli  ><i(U'S 
t  iVoni 
The 
vt,  wil- 
o  slioW 
)n\ inoe 

C'llX-'lltS. 

oinincr- 
n\^  Avhy 
tlu'  suv- 
Ircaty, 
1-  the  vo- 
•ipvtu'ity 
II  i'eelin'j; 


iJ' 


^  in  tlio  fish- 
jtia  Li'-iisla- 
ln'  wurii-out 
advantages. 


Till'  "•\ii'L;iii  soil  '  just  opciiiiin',  in  I  •'•-•")  1,  L'liiitloyi'd  ;is  riillii\\s: 
Mcu'  r»niiis\viclv,  iii»\v.'ii"«ls  (»('  r.oo  lisliiiiu'  Itoats;  IS'<i\;i  Scoli.i  I'lii- 
jiloycil  si  J  Nt'^scls,  r),l(;o  l)i);it^,  :)i»,  l.")t  mis  ;iiiil  >oiiu's  iuhI  !>,'.»i.'7 
rhiicriiii'ii  ;  New  romullimd  ('ni|ili»yi'il  ]0,r)(i|  Imnts,  \cs>(.']s  ;iiiil  lisli- 
iiiL;'  crnt'l,  ;iiiil  IG,s.j7  iiu'ii,  lU'MiliuiuL;'  l,<i8!>,  1  s-j  (niiiiti'Is  cotllisli, 
•l,t.;iH»  tit'i'ccs  s.'iliDdi),  lit, .■).")(•  Iilils;.  hcn-iiiu',  I  1(),S'2S  seal  skins,  and 
2,(j:!ii,Ni»0  o'lilloiis  llsli  oils — vahinl  in  all  at  >5 1,45."),  ts  t.  In  aiMition 
to  llic^c  we  lia\'o  tlio  iislicrii's  of  tlu'  (inll'ot'St.  Laut'cncc.  Tlic 
aliiiNc  I'luai)  lint  a  ])()rti(>n  ot'tlii'  li-licrics,  wliicli  wvvv  a<.'li\rly  jiros- 
ocMiU'l  (lirou  years  bclbi'c  the  treaty. 

The  I'liliri"  i)i)|tnlali()n  of  tlie  I*i'o\in('i's  of  Xowfoumlland,  Xova 
v^eotia,  Xiw  Jirnnswifk,  ;in»l  J'rince  KdwaivTs  Island,  at  that  linic, 
was  only  coi,!)."!.  Now  it  is  (|iiit('  cviih'nt  that  tliose  i'l'w  inhahit- 
nnts  dill  not  caf  all  f/iose  lifih.  'I'lic;  L'nited  States,  hi'inu'  their  near- 
est  and  nio^^l  natural  market,  had  a  ])0]»nlation  ofnearly  ;5(),t)00,()00. 
ir  il  was  1  laie  that  our  lisheri^'S  wei'e  "  woiai  out,"  where  did  we 
ji'ct  our  lish  from  ?  AVhy,  Ave  uot  tluun  IVom  our  colonial  friends 
and  nei;;id)ors,  as  a  nialli'i'  of  course, — and  on  toj)  of  that  we  u'ot 
iViun  iheni  L'O  jhm"  cent,  on  i'\(.'ry  kind  of  li>h,  iisii  oils,  etc.,  which 
the  rnilcd  States  !j,-ot  as  a  compensation  for  the  productions  of 
tlieir  tisheries  comin<>"in1o  our  mai'ket  to  compete  v\  ith  our  iishei'ies, 
whii'Ii  A\'erc  not  so  much  "worn  out"  as  they  would  lia\e  us  he- 
lie\  e. 

The  returns  shoAvthat  tlie  yiehl  of  mackerel  and  codfish,  in  INIaine 
and  Massachusetts  alone,  was  >*<;], ^24, 050,  to  say  nothing  aliont 
all  {he  rest  of  our  sea  coast  and  our  i'nmense  lake  lisherii's,  J)id 
Ave  u'et  Kt'ciprocii  V  hv  heiim"  allowed  to  send  our  lish  to  theii'mark- 
cts,  tree  of  <luty,  Avheu  they  Avere  overstocked  Avith  lish  and  could 
pay  us  25  ami  ;U)  per  cent,  duty  and  keej)  u[)  such  a  Aast  army  of 
lishi'rmen  lietbre  the  reciprocity  treaty?  They  could  hriii'j,'  their 
fish  into  our  ]>oi'ts,  and  e\[)oi't  them  to  foi'eign  countries,  \\  ithout 
payment  of  duty.  They  entei'cd  at  the  }tort  of  Boston  alone,  in 
1851,  02,:)  12  hlils.  of  pickled  lish,  and  re-exported  to  other  coun- 
tries 22,785  l.ibls.,  leaving  00,527  hhls.  for  home  consumption,  or 
for  sale  in  our  market  that  paid  duty.  At  the  same  time  the  dis- 
puted fisheries  AVere  confined  to  the  l>ay  of  Fundy,  and  a  fcAV 
other  jioiiits.     Our  jieople  had  the  right  to  fish  on  the  West  coast 


24 

ol'  \('\vri>iiinllMii(l  i<iii;illy  witli  tlic  fislicriiicii  of  Kfml;iii<l  .'iikI  Tratict'; 
aiiU  ,1  jiiiiil  ri'jlil  to  fi^li  \\i\]\  I>i-itish  sultjccts  on  llif  const  of  La- 
])ra<l()f  ;wnl  MaLr<l:tU'ii  Islam!?',  lot:('tli('r  wiili  the  liirlit  to  lainl  !it 
sitch  placrs  oil  tliox'  coasts  aN  were  llicii  iiiriiiliaMlc<1,  lor  the  jtiir- 
))osc'  of  ciiriiiLi;  ami  dryiiii;  li>li.  'I'liat  liuht  uas  of  so  little  valiio 
to  our  men  that  tlicy  scMoiii  a\ailc<l  tlicmsclvcs  of  it.  Wc  uot  the 
rii;lit  to  i^o  int<t  tluii'  watci's  and  lisli,  and  they  ^'ot  the  riiuht  to 
ciMiic  into  oMi"s,  ton'cthcr  with  a  iiiarkcl  free  of  duty  for  their  sta- 
ple artii'le  of  exports. 

J  low  near  we  came  to  liaviii'4'  a  war  o\  er  these  li-herits  may 
lie  JMdui;e(l  from  the  fact  that  the  Fi'ench  are,  and  lia\e  been,  lishinp: 
alon<4  side  of  us  hotli  e\er  since,  and  they  do  not  liij,lit.  I>ut  few 
kuitw  that  the  l-'reiich  have  Islands  ami  lisherios  there,  'riu-  Colo- 
nies could  not  com|K'te  in  the  forriiin  market  for  the  sale  ol"  their 
iish,  owiii;j,to  the  liouiitii's  paid  by  the  I'^rench  (loxernment  to  their 
o\\  11  li.shei'meii,  amount iiiL;'  to  al)()Ut  $!i,'  \n'i'  (piintal.  'I'heiefore  our 
market  was  the  best  an<l  most  accejitable.  We  j»aid  a  Itouiity  also, 
and  unless  tliev  could  bv  soiiu'  means  Livt  tlie  dutv  off,  thev  Moidd 
fail  to  make  iishiiiL;-  as  profitable  to  them  as  tlwy  de»ired.  'i'liere- 
fore  it  was  an  object  for  them  to  niai;'nify  the  niisumlcrstanding  of 
our  limits.  We  chiimed  to  tish  anywhere  within  liiree  miles  ot 
tlieir  coast;  while  tlii'V  claimed]  it  to  mean  three  miles  outside  of  an 
imaginary  line  fr(»m  one  headland  to  another.  Thus  their  interest 
was  advanced  by  keeping'  ii[t  a  war  ow  the  llshing  fpiestion,  nntil 
we  were  dri\en  into  niakinn"  iieaee  l.»y  openinjjf  our  markets  free  for 
their  entire;  business,  for  the  jtriviloge  of  liavina;  our  tishernien  pur- 
sue tlieir  calling  Avithout  I'ear  of  beini^  molested.  How  much  we 
have  LTained  )>v  this  concession  mav  be  seen  bv  then-  own  account. 
In  the  lirst  pri/e  essay  on  Reciprocity  by  Artliur  Harvey,  Es<p,  of 
the  Finance  Department  at  Quebec,  we  liud  the  following  state- 
ment ; 


"  A  rofurn  laid  iK'foro  tlio  ranadiiin  rrii'liaineiit  lust  year  trivos  nionio  imjiorlant 
int'nriniUioii  en  tliis  score.  J)  sluiws  tliat  tlit'  value  of  lisli  taken  in  ti\U'  waters  l)y 
American  lislieniien.  nliicli  wa.s  l)nt  S^'JSO.OOO  per  uiuiiim  ];revi(iusly  to  isT),"),  rose  at 
once  to  SfnJ'i.tdl)  in  tlial  year,  and  readied  no  less  a  liu'iu'c  tlian  Sl.'iiir),7(in  in  Isafi. 
It  llieii  gnnliiiilK  <ieciiiie(l  tn  S  IK'.iHio  in  isfjo.  Wlieii  ilie  relielliun  cununenced, 
tlie  \\uv  navy  of  tlio  States  ni'ccled  and  (il)taiiied  llie  service.<  of  many  lisliing  vci^sels 
and  tlieir  crews,  and  the  value  of  the  Iish  tukiui  fell  to  §250,0(10  annually. 

So  our  fishermen  only  got,  by  their  own  shoAving,  out  of  Rrit- 
ish  waters,  about  8280,000  worth  of  iish  in  1851 ;  and  we  gave  them 
over  I>;1,000,000  in  duties  for  the  jiriviiege  of  catching  ^280, 000 
worth  of  Iish,  which  we  had  to  sell  at  u  verv  much  reduced  rate  on 
account  of  coming  into  market  with  such  an  innnense  cpiantity  of 


25 


•t;mt 

'•y 

at 


tlicir  fish.  Wt'  llHUiLjlit  MO  inlu'lit,  ni;iki'  somctliiiii;  (»iit  <•('  it  l»v 
i,^>iii!LX  ill  on  !i  liir^cr  sc;ili',  ninl  in  |h')(»  \vc  mmlc  our  I)iti-  liatil,  :iinl 
cnu^lil  ^1, '_'()."», Too  worth,  uhicli  mms  jii'^t  mIxhiI  the  :iiii<Miiit  ol'  the 
duty  Avc  ljmm;  tli 'in  I'm-  lliiit  ycMi*.  l-'iiiiliiii;'  it  :iii  iipliill  tr.-ulr,  avo 
"  Lfnidiiiilly  IMI  oil',"  Mini  in  Isiwi  wo'i'  ilnwn  to -s  1 1  (ijKin,  ;iii,l  me 
now  down  to  *i'.")0,()00.  \\'li:it  is  the  ni.-illci' — li.-ivi'  liu-  lisli  dis.-q'- 
poaivd  ?     JiCt  llic  M.-inic  iiuthority  speak  n^'ain  and  .-ei'.     Ih'  says  : 

'•H'wi'  now  liii'ii  In  llic  lliislward  \vr  slmll  sec  lui  entirely  ditlereiit  sr'enc.  T!io 
Norllieasleni  (.•umiiiiiiiilics.  liviii;,'  under  a  less  f^cnial  snn.  and  ]ins>e>siiiH'  n  less 
ferlile  soil.  Inok  to  llie  sea  lor  u  M-reai  |Hii'li(i;i  of  tlieii'  lunvest.  The  \aliie  of  llic 
deep  sea  lisliei'ies  of  .Massa('lni:^<'lls.  in  i>('i().  wa-;  no  less  tliaii  S!)..".(l().  1  |L'  ;  nl'  Miuiio 
and  Coniiecllculovt'r!i'l,Ot»(»,tH)()  eacii,  and  liial  ol  tlie  Urili>li  I'ro\  in(.'es!?M,(iOl),tH(()." 

Tims  Ml"  Irivc"  one  State  tliat  lins  no  less  tlian  -sO, :!()(»,  ll-j  woiili 
of  lisli,  and  the  Pfoxinces  ha\('  iiicri'ascd  to  o\'ev  ^s, 000, 000.  Onr 
iisheries  do  vei'V  wvW  lof  "  woi'n  out  "  ones,  and  il  now  lu-conu's 
a  mattei'  of  intefest  to  know  wliefe  the  market  is  to  he  i'<"  id  lor 
all  these  fish.  Onr  Avar  deht  rei|iiirc>s  e\i'i'v  hrancli  ol"  indnsir\-  to 
pay  its  ])roportion.  Onr  lisherinen  are  ta\e<l  npon  e\erythini;' in 
eonneetion  with  their  l»nsiness,  and  \\'ork  prohahly  as  hard  as  onr 
Provincial  iVieinls  ilo.  If  we  ean  I'nrnish  onr  own  markets,  wo 
1)V  ri<_cht  should  have  a  iair  ehanee  of  doiiiLi'  ^o.  Whv  slioidil  onr 
l*ro\ineial  friends  ])ay  no  duties  or  no  tax,  Jind  yet  liaM'  an  e<|nal 
chance  in  our  markets  Avitli  those  that  pay  so  largely  to  onr  inter- 
nal revenue y 

AVe  are  not  dispo  mI  to  lie  nnfa.ir,  or  to  do  onr  Tr(i\:ncial  freinds 
anv  ininstice  ;  l»nt  when  thev  sav  "  thev  o'ave  ns  all  t  he  adxaiitaiic,'' 
as  Mr.  Howe  claims,  and  then  in  the  same  hi'eath  coni]»l;iin  lli;it 
onr  war  deprived  them  of  the  market  of  "-ten  millions  of  people 
in  the  Sontheni  States  as  a  benefit  to  the  rrovinces,''  mc  have  a 
right  to  sni)pose  that  the  trade  of  the  liO, 0(10,000  of  Northern  peo- 
ple was  Avorth  something.     Hear  him  : 

''  Ap:aiii,  when  Iho  civil  war  br(»ke  ont.  one-lialfllio  sealioard  of  tlie  rni!e(l  Plates 
was  l)loc'kaded.  and  all  flio  advantages  oftlie  Keci]irocity  Treaty,  so  I'ar  as  the  con- 
siini]ition  of  tlie  ten  millions  of  ]ien|ile  in  the  Sontliern  States  was  a  Iteiielji  to  llm 
Provinces,  were  withdrawn.  Assununji:  that  the  treaty  rnns  owr  ten  years,  it  will 
lie  yvvn  that  lor  the  whole  of  that  jieriod  the  jieoide  of  this  country  have  enjoyed  nil 
the  henelits  for  which  they  stipulated,  while  the  iJritish  Americans  for  one  year  of 
the  ten,  have  derived  no  henotit  at  all.  and  for  four  entire  A'<'ars  have  lost  tlie  con- 
sumption  of  one-third  of  the  people  with  whom.  l)y  the  treaty,  they  were  entUled  to 
trade.  Keci\untzin,!^  the  ])oIilical  necessities  of  the  jioriod.  ]!ritisli  snhjecis  hav(3 
made  no  complaints  of  this  exclusion,  liul  it  ought  to  be  borne  in  uiind,  now  that 
tlie  wliole  suliject  is  about  to  be  revised." 

We  have  "  enjoyed  all  the  benefits  for  Avhich  they  stipitlated," 
Avliicli  by  their  own  account,  was  to  catch  ><2.jO,000   Avorth  of  tisli 


2() 

in  tlicir  wnlcrs  in  return  tor  :i  iVcc  market  I'oi-  tlieir  ^8,000,000 
wiiriii;  l)ut.  our  war  sliut,  out  1<),000,(M)()  of  our  ])i'o]ile  from  buy- 
in<j,'  from  llicnil  lleco^ni/.inu' the  political  necessities  (»f  tlu'  jieriod. 
Jiritish  sultjects  lia\e  made  no  coinjilainls!  This  is  certainly  vei'\' 
kind. 

W'liy  not  claim   tiieir  riti'ht  V     Did   ^\•e   a.uiH'e  thei'e  should  he  no 
war  ?      It"  we   did — and    there    had    heen    none — the  jnice    of   lish 


WoUli 


I  I 


ta\i'  lieen   a.l)out  ^ 


iier   nun. Ire 


lut  there  was  a  war- 


and  while  thev  nH)desllv  hint  tiiat  thev  lost  I  0,(M)(), ()()()  of  custom- 
crs,  they  maintain  a  masterly  siieiu-e  ahout  u'ett inii' -^lo  ]>ei"  hun- 
dred for  their  tish  in  c()nse(|uence  of'  the  war.  "^Fhis  came  out.  of 
the  -JOjxiojxio  of  customers  at  the  Xortli,  Avilhout  say  nu' anythinij; 
wha1e\er  of  the  ])rice  Li,'ot  indirectly  from  the  South,  at  Halifax, 
to  run  the  hlockade  of  tlu'  southern  jioi'ls,  without  jiayin<;' oiii'  cent 
to  sustain  the  war  on  eiilu'r  side.  At  the  same  time  thousands  of 
our  li^hermen  had  ''lMU'kle(l  on  their  armor,"  and  were  fi!4'htin!>; 
to  sustain  the  li'ovei'nment,  leaving'  our  J'l'ovincial  neighbors  to  en- 
joy tlu'  full  benelit  (if  oui' markets.  "  Xo  complaints  "  under  sn^^li 
circumstanct's  !  How  mau'naninious  this  ^\'as  in  \iew  of  the  olten 
repeateil  assiM'tion  for  years,  that  the  I'nited  States  h-d  "all  the 
ad\antan'e"   in  the  IJccinrocit v  Treatv.     Considerinti"  carefully  the 


CO] 
erij 
A\  il 


til 


IS 


m; 
u- 


TIIE  COAL  TliADE. 

\o\:i  Scotia  and  Xew  ]>runswick  have  some  of  the  best  coal 
mines  in  the  world,  and  from  their  [iroximity  to  Hoston,  Portland, 
and  our  othei"  seaport  towns,  they  can  sui»ply  those  markets,  and 
pay  a  duty,  cheaper  than  coal  can  1)0  li'ot  from  Pennsyhania  or 
Ohio.  In  1S5I  they  paid  :^)  per  cent,  duty  upon  coal  cominu;  to 
our  markets.  The  duty  beinii,'  taken  ofl'  did  not  beneiit  the  con- 
sumer, becnriso  tliese  points  Mi're  de]tendent  upon  them  for  sup])li(,'S. 
A\'ith  the  ;>0  per  cent,  dutv  their  coal  mines  yielded  only  100,000 
tons,  wdnle  in  ISOo,  t]u\y  brouu'ht  to  tlu'  surface  -t29,.351  tons,  and 
in  1  SC 1  al)out  5riO,000  tons,  nearly  all  of  whiJi  came  to  our  market 
and  was  sold  duty  free. 

We  have  in  Pennsylvania  mines  of  coal  which  yielded  in  18(50, 
11,800,574  tons  of  Antliracite,  and   2,()GO,000  tons   of  r>itununous 


! 


27 

coal.  This  c'oal-intcrust  iiuw  iiavs  a  heavy  lax  to  the  treneral  <j:o\- 
eniiiieiit,  Avliile  Xova  Seotia  coal  competes  willi  it  in  our  market 
Avilhoiit  payment  of  ta\  or  liiily.  "]'>nt  in  retnni,'' say  onr  Cana- 
dian IViemls,  "  vse  e.xjiort  from  Oliio  ami  JVnnsylvania  laru'e  (pian- 
titiis  of  coal  to  Canada,  tlms  the  Ifefiprocity  is  fair."      Let  ns  see. 

Canada  has  lu)  coal  of  any  kind,  consequently  the  greater  ])ai't  of 
I'pper  Canada,  Ijclng  so  far  from  Nova  St-otia  or  New  Jirunswick, 
is  dejiendent  upon  Ohio  ami  IVnnsyhania  for  supplies  for  gX'U- 
eral  (•onsuni])tion,  while  Ave  do  not  dejiend  upon  Canada  for  a 
mar]>:et.  Hence  any  duty  chargetl  upon  our  coal  would  not  ailect 
n-  at  all,  l)ut  Avouhl  come  out  of  the  eonsunier.  Ther^'fore  m  e  do 
no;  care  how  much  duty  Canada  puts  n])on  our  coal,  so  loni;-  as 
they  [»ay  it  themsehes,  and  it  deducts  m)thinti,'  from  our  ju'ice. 
Before  the  reciproeiU'  ti'eatv  the  dutv  was  oidv  2^'  per  cent  on 
GUI'  coal  going  into  Canada.  This  Avas  to  cheajien  the  coal  to  them, 
"while  we  ren.it  oO  i)er  cent,  on  Nov  in  Scotia  coal  and  2/ay  it  our- 
sclris  to  tiiem. 

Of  this  trade  Ave  got  from  Nova  Scotia  in  1803,  alumt  300,000 
to)is,  gi\ing  them  aliont  ^-JIO,!)!)!)  duties.  AW'  sent  to  Canada  in 
the  same  year  10;),r)l7  ions.  They  re-e.xjioi'ted  82,200  tons,  leav- 
ing oidy  21,311  tons  for  coiisumi)tion  in  Canada,  at  the  market 
value — -no  more — m.)  less.  AVe  Avould  have  got  the  srone  ])rice  had 
the  Canada  duty  l»een  20  per  cent,  instead  of  being  tree.  That  is 
another  "-advantage"  A\hich  they  gave  us,  for  Avliich  they  make  no 
complaint,  on  account  of  the  Avar. 

TUB  WOOL  TnADE—lIVK  STOCK,  d'c. 

Before  the  treaty  Ave  imported  from  the  l*ro\inces  to  llie  Ignited 
States  i!5lOO,000  Avortli  of  avooI  ])er  amium.  In  isi;;}  the  amount 
had  risen  to  ^074,000,  all  of  Avhich  canu'  in  tree  of  dutv  to  he  sold 
alongside  of  our  AFichigan,  Ohio,  and  New  Yoi-k  State  avooIs  ;  our 
farnu'rs  paying  heavy  taxes  nj)on  theii-  j)rodnctions,  Canadians  {lay- 
ing  notliing,  but  enjoying  the  best  }trices  oui-  m.arket  ailorded. 

^\'('  iriipoi'tcil  live  ivniinals  worlli $"2..']l)0.7iir) 

Ami  exported  1o  tbc  ex  lent  of .O'Jd.s;;.') 

(iivinjf  llio  rrovinccs  aliulant'o  on  animals  of $l,Sii;),!)(;t 

AVhich   came  here  free   of  duty  to  com]K'te   Avith  our  OAvn,   the 

latter  paving  lieaAA'  taxes,  Avhile  thev  paid  none. 

We  took  fVom  tlicni  meats  valued  at $    25(i.r)27 

And  sent  them  meats  the  same  year  (ISC;!) 1.2;iS.<)23 

Balance  hi  our  favor §   982.;i!)6 


28 

r>nt  the  same  roniarks  liold  ^-ood  in  tliis  cn^o  ns  with  llic  ooiil. 
Oui"  ]irice  is  not  2;ovc'riKMl  1  y  llie  duly  ])Ul  u]»iiii  it  in  Canada,  be- 
cause Avc  liuvo  a  mai'ket  Aviilioul  i'leni,  and  CNcn  liad  tlicre  bct'ii  a 
modcralc  duly  in  Canada,  it  Avould  nf>i  iia\e  made  ;uiy  dilU'rcneoto 
118  ciiiicr  ill  till'  jn-icc  paid  ns,  or  tho  (Hianli'y  sold  llii'in.  They  arc 
consumers  without  a  su])])ly,  iienc-e  must  ])a}'  tlie  cost — duty  or  no 
duly.  Tliese  staples  ai'e  not  like  tlie  coal  ol"  Xova  8cotia,  sent  to 
]>oston  consumers;  Asliile  we  have  a  sui)ply,  tlie  tVeiglit  from  Xova 
tSeolia  to  JJoston  njton  tlieirs  is  so  hnv  iliat  liu'  jiroducei'  can  jiay  a  duty 
and  then  ('i)m]iete.  AVIn'ii  ilie  diuy  was  reiiiove<i,  it  went  into  the 
hands  of  tlu'  producer,  wliirh  is  not  tlie  case  with  the  meats  taken 
iroin  us.  'idiey  cerlaiidy  did  not  buy  it  to  tlie  exclusion  oi'  their 
own  productions,  Imt  beeanse  tiieir  timber  disti'icts  requii'cd  it  for 
consumption,  ;ind  their  own  supply  was  not  equal  to  their  wants. 
Thau'efbi'e  tiiey  iiad  eithei"  to  l)uy  from  us  or  not  have  it,  and  the 
fact  oi"  iis  being  duty  free  chea})ened  it  just  so  mucli  to  llie  con- 
sumer wiiliout  abiding  one  cent  to  our  ])riee.  The  duty  on  mess 
pork  entering  C;inada  before  the  treaty  was  only  ]2-.j  per  ce)it. 


tarn 

to  p( 

the  « 

and 

mad( 

treat 

and 

pai" 
no 
tinu 
up  : 

be  Co 
■wav( 
sons 
niori 
on  at 

w.)     ' 

prii 


IT. 


THE  Lr.UBEn  IXTEltEST. 

The  hnnbering  interest  is  also  a  very  important  one  to  deal  witli 
in  view  of  Reciprocity.  That  entire  busi;iess  comes  diicctly  in 
conl.ict  wiih  our  own  ])eo])le,  engaged  in  the  same  trade,  in  a  \i'ry 
different  Avay  from  what  it  did  in  years  befoi-e  the  w.'ir.  Tlien  botli 
enjoyed  (he  same  righis  and  privileges  in  our  markets.  AVe  gave 
the  ib-itish  Provinces  20  jier  cent,  (bity  off  their  lnnd)er,  timber, 
shingles,  wood,  staves  and  sliingle-holts,  for  the  privilege  of  send- 
ing our  articles  of  the  same  kind  into  their  market.  That  is,  we 
were  allowed  to  send  our  lumber,  shingles,  etc.,  away  from  a  good 
market  (which  they  were  ]»aying-  ns  a  tax  of  20  per  cent,  to  reach) 
to  tlieir  country  that  was  already  over-stocked;  and  if  we  sold  at 
all,  it  \vould  be  at  about  50  ])er  cent,  less  than  we  could  get  in  our 
own  market. 

This  is  another  jirivilege  Ave  got  Avhen  the  Reciprocity  Treaty 
gave  the  United  States  "all  the  advantage."  In  ]sr);;,  the  yi'ar  be- 
fore the  treaty,  we  received,  from  Canada  alone,  lumber  valiUM]  at 
82, .'38;], 18-4,  Custom  House  valuation,  Avhich  paid  ^570, OMG  80  into 
our  Treasury,  in  order  to  compete  with  our  lumber,  Avhich  to  a  eer- 


20 


coal. 

I,    1)0- 


tain  extent  rop:ulnte(l  the  price.  Tlie  Canadian  nianufacliircrs  hail 
to  })!'()(hu'c  il  lor  that  nuich  less,  in  C'ana<la,  to  cnahle  tlu'in  lo  pay 
the  (lutv,  and  as  it  canu'  here  and  paid  the  dutv  hctorc  (he  I  real  v, 
and  as  our  consumers  paid  no  more  for  it  than  they  did  al'ici-  it  was 
made  tree  by  the  treaty,  it  follows  as  a  matter  of  course  ih-it  the 
treaty  adniittinp;  it  free  took  just  that  much  out  ol"  our  Ti'ensury, 
and  )»ut  it  into  the  hands  of  the  Canadian  maniifacturers. 

I'lie  axei-age  })rice  per  thousand  feet  of  Canadian  lundicv,  that 
paid  duty  in  1853,  was  ^0;  :n  1  85  t,  sn  Vo  ;  in  1855,  -when  il  j)aid 
no  duty,  ii^lO  oO  ;  in  isoii,  ^in  75;  in  1857,  811  50;  after  which 
tin)e  the  ]»i'ice  aL>:ain  fell  oif  to  $7  75,  and  then  "worked  Liradu;dly 
up  a^-ain  to  an  averat^'c  of  81O  in  IsO:].  Thus  it  will  hi'  seen  tliat 
before  th.e  treaty  Caiiadinn  bnnber  cost   us  less  than  it  did  after- 

4.' 

wards,  ])rovin!j;  that  the  ]>rodncers  in  tliis  ease  "were  tiie  only  per- 
sons l)eneiited.  AVe  did  not  even  inere;!se  the  (piantily  I'eeeived 
more  than  the  natural  Increase  of  li!isiness.  In  185;!,  the  piiee  was, 
ouan  averaii'e,  8'->  per  M.,  ai'.d  the  total  value  iX'ceivedthiit  vi-n-  was 
82,08:}, 1  SI,  on  which  "we  received  'JO  per  cent.  duty.  In  |sr,  i  i!ie 
price  averaii'cd  -^O  50,  and  the  total  anioinit  recei\ed  Ironi  ihe  same 
source  was  only  -82,005,870.  Tliat  paid  no  duty.  The  pi'ice  Avas 
fifty  cents  ])er  ]\r.  more  than  in  185:?,  yet  the  value  "w;!s  >-;)17,:514 
less  than  when  they  paid  the  20  per  cent.  Therefore  we  uaineil 
nothhttj  in  price  and  nothhig  in  qiaodity  more  than  we  vouhl  have 
(jot  had  the  dutii  been  voKthiued. 

The  conclusion  nmst  certaiidy  be  that  our  treasury  is  short  just 
tlic  amount  of  the  duty.  Takiuii'  the  returns  of  e\"}»orts  fi-om  Can- 
ada alone  to  the  United  States,  by  their  own  showinu',  the  \;!lae  of 
lumber  from  1854  to  ISO:)  iiu-lusive  (ten  years  of  free  trade)  was 
$;M,528,51;3.  The  duty  on  this  v/-  dd  have  been  'SO,:5()5,7o-J  CO, 
which  went  into  their  hands  as  another  "slice"  of  "all  the  ad- 
vantau'e-"  l>ut  when  we  come  to  take  in  the  lumberinu'  int(  rest  of 
Now  JJrunswick,  coming  as  it  doe;  into  direct  com[ietition  wiihour 
own  in  .^Faine,  the  value  to  them  is  verv  laru'elv  inci'oaseil.  Ju'lbro 
the  war,  and  during  tlio  continuation  of  the  treatv,  we  lo-t  oidv 
the  duty  ;  but  let  us  see  how  we  now  staiul.  Let  us  su]>posc  two 
persons  to  be  equally  situated,  the  one  on  the  JMaine  si(h'  ol'  the 
river  St.  Croix,  the  other  uj)on  the  Xew  IJrunswick  side,  1  !i  own- 
ing an  ecpial  amount  of  })ine  lands,  and  both  contemj)li'ting  luiilding 
a  mill  to  cut  lumber  for  the  I>oston  nnirket.  The  Maine  man  ]iays 
a  war-tax  upon  his  land  and  timber;  he  then  pays  a  "war-lax  upon 
his  axes,  saws,  chains,  carts,  cattle  and  horses  ;  his  mill  is  made  up 
of  machinery,  every  particle  of  it  paying  a  wai*-tax  ;  his  transporta- 


30 


ii<»n.  sales  suid  nrcoiiiit-sali's  ])ay  a  diix'ct  Avar-tax  ;  every  ]ia]if'r  and 
(lociniieiii  i::ive  stain]is  allaclM'd,  and  it'  lie  lias  in  llie  end  iiia<!e  any- 
tliiii'4'.  Ills  income  lax  nuisl  l>e  added  !•»  all  llie  rest.  ]le  brlnu's  his 
lund>ei'  into  our  o^\■n  ina.i'ket,  and  uets  no  more  than  the  Xew 
nniiisu  ick  man,  Avho  pays  iiothinLi',  exeept  the  lax  on  his  sales  and 
the  slaiiijis  on  the  )M]tt'rs  iHM|uiri'<l  to  transfer  the  |>V(t]K'i'ty.  Should 
Ave  coiiiinui'  to  admit  Iund>er  free  from  the  I'rovinees,  Avhilo  tlic 
same  class  of  industry  Asithin  oui-  own  lines  is  so  hea\ily  taxed  to 
iiu-el  oiu'  re(|uirements,  the  effect  Avould  he  to  remove  our  lumher- 
meii  o\('i*  the  hordev,  to  de]K)j»ulate  our  oAvn  lumher  di^li'icts,  and 
to  enrich  and  huild  u]t  the  lumher  interest  Ix'yond  our  liiu's.  \\'e 
cannot  he  just  to  oui'sehcs,  and  continue  to  admit  this  inferi'st  to 
enjoy  tl  v-  full  heneiit  of  our  markets  ^.vithout  |>ayinn'  its  ]iro])er 
share  of  thc^  tax  our  own  ])eo]ile  jiay  ior  the  same  market.  AVe 
mu^l  mil  discriminate  aiiainst  our  own  industry  in  I'a.vor  of  a  I'or- 
eiu'ii  interest. 


liECirUOCITY  IX  niiEADSTUFFS. 

In  Ills  Detroit  speech,   heretofore  (juoted  from,  3[i'.  Tlowe  said : 

'•  <  111  llic  (itlicr  linnd,  llie  Canadians  Hocinij  tlio  '^vcaf  sfajdos  of  Hie  Tnilcd  States 
iVccI^  adiiiilU'il  iii((»  every  jiarl  nl  ihc  IJritisli  eiiii>ire,  naUirally  claiuied  that  their 
breail'^hitr^  ;^liuuld  jias.s  with  e(iual  IVceilum  into  the  United  »Siale  ." 

This  arii'ument  is  used  as  a  sxood  reason  for  ndmittino;  Canadian 
lireadstuffs  into  our  market  free  of  duty.  Let  ns  see  hoAv  it  hears 
upon  our  interests.  (ire;it  Britain  is  and  Avas  over-|)Oj)ulate<l,  and 
did  not  produce  a  sutiicient  sii])]>ly  of  food.  Consequently  she  Avas 
an  importer  of  V)readslutl's  ;  and  any  am  »unt  ()f  duty  A\hi(di  she 
collected  from  iier  own  ]ieojile  av!1s  a  direct  ttix  upon  tlieii"  food, 
and  increased  the  ]U'ice  to  them  just  that  much,  Avithout  increasing 
or  iliminishino,-  the  }n"ice  paid  to  other  countries  from  ^vheiice  they 
got  their  supi)lies. 

The  failure  of  the  potatoe  cro]>  caused  a  famine  in  Ireland  in  ]  847  ; 
1)ut  it  was  not  a  famiiu'  for  Avnnt  of  food,  ior  the  Avarehouses  in 
Li\t'rpool  were  groaning  under  the  enormous  Aveight  o1"  jn'ovisions 
in  store.  The  famine  Avas  for  money  or  means  to  huy  tlie  food 
Avitli.  The  famine  produced  such  an  excitement  in  jiricesthat  tliou- 
sands  u]ion  thousands  avIio  could  have  purchased  at  ordinary  ])rices 
Avere  unahle  to  buy  enough  to  keep  starvation  from  tlieii'  doors. 
There  was  ])lenty  of  food,  Imt  those  avIio  starved,  or  suffered,  liad 
no   nionev   to   buy   it.      The    conse(iuencc    Avas  that  liundreds  of 


ibousal 
the  \vi| 
])arre 
were 
ruinii 
stance! 
iUct  tl[ 
buy  <1 
croj) 
death  I 
fore   : 
cfil   t' 
Avay  ^ 
nomii 
In 
onl  y 
tbey 
ada. 
came 
of  th 
no  nv 
that  - 
I'onti 
pleb 
cond 
prod 
milli 
Our 
tow 
a  be 
Can 
fn-st 
ran 
lis 
nes 


31 


.'111(1 

!■  ;iiiy- 
U's  liis 
Xow 
^  ;iii(T 
lioiild 
(■  the 
1   to 
nlior- 
,  iiik] 

^^'e 

St   to 
1"<  »))('!• 

I  ibr- 


tliousnnds  of  barrels  of  flour,  sent  from  Xew  Tork  to  Llver|iO(il  in 
tlie  wiiilei-  and  spriiii*"  of  1SI7,  and  which  cost  from  >^9  lo  ^\-2  ]icr 
Itarrrl  in  Xew  "^'oi'k,  were  piled  u[»  in  Livei'pool,  and  ^nui'cd,  ,ind 
were  sold  in  June  and  July,  netting  only  15  shillings  ]icf  liarrel, 
ruining  thou.-^ands  iii)on  botli  sides  of  the  Allantic  Such  ciirum- 
stanccs,  and  close  observation  of  the  food  (piestion,  ]»ro\'ed  the 
fact  that  a  large  jiroportion  of  their  inhabilants  were  in)t  able  to 
buy  <lear  food  in  an  ordinary  time  :  and  tlu,'  failure  of  one  siu'do 
eroj)  liuc  the  j»otatoe,  brought  sipialid  ])overty,  misery,  diseas',' and 
death  to  thousands  upon  thousands  of  ihcir  own  pt'oplc.  'fhere- 
fore  anything  luiving  a  tendency  to  chea[)eu  food  was  a  diri'd  lu-n- 
clit  to  the  i»eo[)le  of  (Jreat  Uritain  ;  and  consecpiently  their  best 
Avay  was  to  throw  open  their  [loi'ts  and  adiuit  bi'eadstiitfs  at  a  mere 
nominal  dutv. 

In  (b)ing  tiiis  they  did  not  single  out  tiie  United  States  as  the 
onlv  eounlrv  fi-om  wliieh  they  would  receive  bi'eatlstulfs  free  ;  but 
tliey  ()pened  the  same  privileges  to  the  entii'e  A\orld.  iiu'ludiiig  ( 'an- 
ada.  AVe  u'ot  no  advantages  over  any  other  country.  Our  iiroduct! 
eame  into  competition,  in  the  Liyerpool  market,  with  the  produce 
of  the  Avholi!  Avorld.  "When  that  (h'niand  wassupj»lied  they  \\  anted 
no  more,  and  the  law  of  <leinand  and  sup]»ly  regulated  t!ie  price,  u 
that  we  got  no  more  and  no  less  than  a\c'  would  have  got  hail  I  hey 
continued  tlu'  duty  U[>on  all  alike.  They  benefite<l  tlieii'  own  peo- 
ple l)y  reducing  the  })riee  to  them,  while  we  Avere  left  in  the  s.ime 
condition  as  before.  On  the  other  hand,  the  United  Stales  A\a^  ;i 
prodiU'ing  country.  The  surplus  ]u-oductions  were  coimteil  by 
millions  upon  millions  of  bushels  of  breadstuifs  seeking  a  n!a;l;et. 
Our  centres  of  ])usiness — New  York,  Ijoston  and  other  cities  luid 
towns— furnishing  superior  advantages  for  shi])ping,  and  sometimes 
:i  better  market  than  otlier  foreign  ])oints,  remlered  it  desii-able  f()r 
Canadians  to  semi  a  certain  class  of  ])i'oduce  to  our  market-^.  ^Vt 
first  it  canu-  in  bond  to  be  re-expm-ted  should  a  foreign  market  war- 
rant it ;  otherwise  to  })ay  duty  if  sold  for  consum})tion.  This  grvc 
us  th(!  eari'ying  trade,  storage,  commissions,  etc.,  tqxm  their  busi- 
ness ;  but  it  did  not  compel  us  to  iind  a  market  in  our  own  country 
for  their  breadstuffs  in  addition  to  our  own  surplus.  If  tlu>  naxiga- 
tioii  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Avas  of  such  an  untold  advantage  to  us, 
why  did  they  not  use  it  themselves  to  get  to  Europe  where  the 
duty  was  free  to  them,  instead  of  sending"  to  our  ])orts  in  bond? 
Simply  IjccaiisG  they,  like  ourselves,  wanted  the  choice  of  mai'kets; 
and  when  they  chose  our  market  we  got  20  i)er  cent,  duty  in  our 
treasury  to  assist  in  paying  our  expenses. 


32 

Lot  US  SCO  how  wo  slooil  upon  tliis  class  of  triide  in  1851,  before 
the  triiity,  at  only  lour  points  ofcntry  from  Canada: 

]!iitr;ilo.       ]!Uu-k  Itock.  0.<nPi,'o.       WliitolKill.  Tula). 

Furs  and  skins,  H)S,,  ll.hsr,             ..'..  i,oil  ]'.'.'J-J7 

LiiiiiImt.  ffct, in,2()()..l-:>7  12,303,!).'.7  7-l,20!>.12rj  2  l.OOd.lL'.")  120,s:);!.s!i7 

Sliiii'^lcs.  M Kil.OOO  370  ("..(il:")  1,;)2!)  I72.!)2l 

VV.Mil.  U.S.... !t:..(i(Ml              111. 2(1!)  'I.S.T)  211. Out 

Flour.  1. 1. Is i:).:}ii2  950  .'{J.'i.D.T'  7..")8D  371.773 

"\V!!(;,t.  l.iisli l.'id.ilCO  2.475  f.s.l,2S()              f<37.715 

Oals.  I.iisji., 12.21I()             111.2!ll  243.(IS1  3(;(;.(171 

IVasiiii.lIJr'iius,  bu.  ....  ....  (M.>OG  21.132  8(1,028 

If  it  was  true  that  the  Provinoes  only  sent  the  ahove  to  onr  j»orts 
for  re-exportation  to  forei_<;'n  markets,  nnd  that  tlicir  own  St.  Law- 
rence I'oiiteis  the  best  and  only  le^'itimale  route  forlbreii;'n  l)usinrss, 
then  tlii'V  certaiidy  did  not  siiow  nmch  wisdom  in  sending;  it  this 
way.  1)111  h't  us  see  how  much  they  sent  via  (Quebec,  the  same 
year.     The  total  exjtorts  of  Canada  for  1851,  were  as  folh)ws  : 

Ti'  (.'rent  IJritnin  (via  St.  Lau-rcuce  tind  United  States  in  ljond).$G.-135.38,S 

T(i  liK'  I'Miled  States, 4.it3!).3i)0 

To  Ih'ilisli  .Vniericau  Ciilouiehi l,(i(;().."i  14 

To  uilior  couiili'ieti, 82('),t)8.S 

$13,2t;2,37(i 

Let  us  separate  the  exports  via  Quebec,  and  see  how  much  of  the 
exports  oi'breadstnffs  went  lliat  vv.ay.  The  total  ex})ort  from  (Que- 
bec in  ls,")l  was  6l-,67l,04S.  Deduct  the  value  of  deals,  timber, 
masts,  '^pars  and  staves,  x;?, 700,084,  and  we  fmd  that  the  1)alance 
for  all  tlie  other  exports  from  (Quebec  was  only  -'5874,004. 

This  shows  the  natural  result  of  the  teiidencv  of  trade  totlie  near- 
est  and  In'st  market,  even  with  a  twenty  ]ier  cent,  duty  hanging 
over  it.  Whv,  then,  do  the  Canadians  bnv  in  our  market  a  certain 
class  of  wheat,  corn,  and  otlier  grain?  IJecause  ]\[ontreal,  Wil- 
liamsburg, Cornwall,  J\[aitland,  and  other  points  along  the  St.  Law- 
rence ]'iver,  have  tine  extensive  Houring  mills,  without  a  sn])ply  of 
wheat  to  keep  them  running.  The  particular  class  of  wheat  raised 
in  I'lipei-  Canada  -will  bring  a  l>etter  price  in  our  nnirket  than  cer- 
tain kinds  of  Western  wheat.  Canadian  vessels,  going  to  3Iilwan- 
kee  and  Chicago  "w  ith  Canada  lumber,  can  take  our  wheat  l)ack; 
these  mills  can  grind  it  and  send  the  Hour  suitable  for  our  market 
back  to  us,  ami  sell  the  balance  for  export  or  for  home  consumption. 
Secretary  Chase's  last  report  on  foreign  and  domestic  connnerce, 
shows  that 

"  All  the  exports  of  wheat  and  floui-  into  Canada  are  from  jjoinls  west  of  Enflalo,  and 
all  the  imports  from  there  are  at  Ilnlt'alo  and  i)ort<  east  of  there  on  our  frontier.  The 
railroad  lines  terminating  at  Butfulo,  Niagara  Falls  and  Vermont,  carry  large  quan- 


tities (I 

from  ill 

in  tran> 

wheat,  I 

Thi 
no  doi 
on  A\ 
reven 
lose  1 
cnou'. 


33 


,  and 

T!io 

iian- 


titics  of  (lour,  mucli  of  it  made  vi  CwKdhi  from  irhiat  nf  tin'  {'nHi'iJ  Slates  imiii'vlnl 
from  thr  II ji}i(r  la'.e  perls,  *  *  *  (lie  trado,  Uien'ri/rc.  bcin^^  one  df  coiivoiiiciico 
in  transit,  ra(lu.'r  llian  ono  between  pruilucinjj  and  consuuiing  nuu'ket.s,  so  I'ar  as 
wheat  and  lluiir  are  concerned.'' 

Thus  our  p;raiii  siip]>orts  tlioir  mills  to  some  extent,  ami  AvotiM, 
no  (lould,  continue  to  do  so  in  case  a  motleratc  duty  was  placed  u[)- 
on  Aslieat  '^n  l)oth  sides  of  the  line;  and  while  wo  should  get  some 
revenue  out  (jf  their  jtroduee  coming  into  our  market,  we  should 
lose  niithing  on  the  price  of  ours,  as  the  <[uanti(y  sent  there  is  not 
enough  to  change  the  market  value  at  New  York  or  ]>oston  oi'that 
gr.'idc  of  Avheat. 

Our  exports  «)f  coi'n,  hides,  tallow,  etc.,  to  Canada,  are  merely  to 
1111  a  demand  for  wlTn-h  they  do  not  ])rovide  themselves.  'J'he  (juan- 
tities  of  all  these  exports  are  small  in  pro])ortion  to  the  great  amount 
raised  liere.  AVe  have  a  market  of  our  own,  and  are  not,  iherel'ore, 
de})endent  upon  them  I'oi-  one.  C<»nse([uently,  it  would  make  hut 
little,  if  any,  diiterence  to  us  how  miu-h  duly  they  put  upon  those 
articles,  as  it  would  come  out  of  themsehes,  without  lessening  our 
sales  or  prices  to  any  extent.  Thus,  while  our  ]>eo[tle  would  hehen- 
ctited  by  collecting  a  moderate  revemic  upon  their  hreadstutfs,  mq. 
shouhl  lose  nothing  l>y  their  paying  their  own  government  just  as 
much  duty  on  our  hreadslulfs  as  they  think  they  can  afford.  Hut 
if  the  treaty  raised  the  ju-ice  of  agricultural  productions  in  Canada, 
it  was  because  our  mai'ket  was  geiuM-ally  better  than  their  own  ; 
hence  we  could  not  have  l)een  much  benelited  by  sending  from  a 
good  market  to  a  })oor  one. 

Mr.  Young,  of  Gait,  C.  W.,  says: 

'•  The  advanta^-es  of  Reciprocity  to  tliis  Province  are  so  oi)vious  that  they  need 
not  be  dwelt  upon.  As  a  country  largely  devoted  to  agriculture,  a  free  and"  re;uly 
market  was  our  great  necessity,  and  tliat  Reciprocity  gavc!  us.  Tlie  immediate  ellect 
of  the  measure  was  to  enhance  the  i)rice  of  farm  produce,  of  all  kinds  of  .sU)ik.  of 
dairy  pi'oiluce,  wool,  lumber,  and  many  other  articles  of  exportation.  Willi  im])i'oved 
prices,  farm  property,  and  to  some  extent  other  classes  of  real  estate,  became  more 
valuable.  In  short,  the  prosperity  of  Canachi  during  tho  past  ten  years  has  been 
largely  dependent  upon  this  enlightened  measure." 

If  this  is  true  (and  who  can  doubt  it?)  wo  enhanced  the ])rico  of 
farm  jiroduco,  wool,  lumber  ;ind  many  other  articles  of  exportation. 
"Why  not  give  the  balance  of  the  truth  and  say  just  how  much  their 
productions  were  cidianced  in  value  ?  It  ivasjust  the  amount  of  tlii 
duty  loldch  vac  gave  q//',  thus  tran>\f'errinfj  the  money  from  the  trea- 
sury of  theUnlted  States  into  the i^ochets  of  the  Canadian  far)ners 
and  producers.  Xew  York  being  the  centre  of  vahies  for  this  con- 
tinent, regulates  the  price  of  breadstulfs  ;  and  no  matter  \,]\o  buys 
from  the  Canadians,  or  to  what  country  it  goes,  tiie  price  is  based 


u 


t) 


upon  the  New  York  ni.irkcl,  less  the  oxjiciise  of  |»l;i('iiii;'  it  in  lliat 
iii;ii'ki'(.  Our  iiiiii'lsct  Iic'iiil;'  ;il\\;iys  oversi ocki'il  with  our  own  pro- 
<liiclions,  it-  IoIIdws  that  hy  aihnittiiijjj  Canadian  pi'odiico  iVcc  we 
contract  to  liiid  a  market  l'<»r  them  in  addition  to  our  own  surphis 
productions.  Of  coui'se  lliis  a<lvanci's  the  |(rice  ol'  their  proil  net  ions, 
and  decreases  that  ot"  our  (twn,  whih'  we  L;-et  no  ad\antaii,'e  in  the 
l^^iM'Tish  market,  o\er  anv  other  count r\-. 

IkUssia,  Prussia,  1^'ranci'  and  Ku'ypt  can  compete  w  itii  us  in  their 
market,  A\hik'  none  hut  the  ]»ro\iuces  ai'e  aUowed  to  cnnipete  with 
our  o\\  n  productions  in  our  marine!.  '^^I'he  \a!ue  oC  tlieii'  eniii'e  pro- 
duclioiis  is  raised  to  the  stan(hird  \  ahie  of  our  own,  "whether  it  cdnies 
hert',  li'oes  to  any  othi'r  count I'y,  or  is  ust-d  for  liouu'  consumjtt ion. 
'I'lie  price;  of  I'N'ci'y  husliel  of  !.;'raiu  raised,  S(  'd,  usi'd,  or  even  sown, 
is  tlie  same  as  our  own  ;  and  the  price  of  out  o  ,  "ii  is  reduced /pist  in 
[U'oportion  as  the  total  ipiantities  of  hotli  countries  combined  j»ro- 
duce  a.  surplus  dependt'ut  upon  a  forei jj,u  niarkt-t  i'or  consumption. 
]''  tJK'  choice  of  markets  was  worth  twenty  jter  cvut.  kefore  the 
ti'calv,  it  certaiidvis  worth  that  now.  We  i-an  liardlv  estimate  the 
auKMUit  lost  l»y  us  lhrouL;'h  tlu'  reducti(;n  ot"  jiriees  eouse<|uent  ujiou 
Canadian  com|)etilion  in  our  markets.  If  we  continue  the  same 
ti'eaty,  under  [)resent  circumstauci's,  we  sliali  oiler  a  premium  to 
oui'  fai'nu'rs  to  leave  this  country  and  u'o  to  Canada  to  escaite  our 
war  taxes,  while  we  still  ,i;'i\e  him  tiie  full  henefit  of  our  market, 
'^rhe  same  state  of  thinn's  would  send  foreign  emiin'ratiou  into  Can- 
ada, instead  of  the  Fai'  West.  A\'e  cannot  allow  this  and  ke  just  to 
oui'selves.  If,  u])on  the  contrary,  tlie  Canadian  farmer  were  com- 
}>elled  to  j)ay  a  duty  upon  liis  hreadstulfs  seeking  a  market  in  our 
country,  and  a  tax  u})on  goods  })urchased  liere,  uo  matter  from 
whence  they  came,  Canada  would  soou  be  dopoi)ulated  to  our  bene- 
fit. Canada  could  not  continue  prosperous  under  such  a  state  of 
tilings.  We  cannot  be  just  to  ourselves  and  continue  the  liecijtro- 
citv  treaty  as  it  is.  They  cannot  reduce  the  duty  ui)ou  o-oods  o-oinii' 
into  Canada  from  any  country.  Tlieir  public  debts  recpiire  addi- 
tional revenue  over  the  amount  iiOAV  collected.  If  they  reduce  the 
duty  they  would  be  driveu  to  a,  direct  tax  to  meet  the  cui-reut  ex- 
])enses  of  governnu'ut  and  the  interest  on  tlieir  bonds  for  public 
improyemeut. 

THE  BALANCE  OF  TnADE. 


AVe  are  told  that  the  balance  of  trade  is  in  fayor  of  the  United 
States. 

Mr,  Young,  of  Gait,  C.  W.,  says: 


;it 


''  Tlii>  tninsactlons  botwocn  Canada  ami  the  L'nitod  Status  Uuilng  the  existence  of 
the  treaty  may  bo  thus  balanced  : 


DI  TIAIILK    GOODS. 


Canada  Itou^'ht  from  the  United  States, $Sl.o:)t.OI  t 

United  Stall's  from  Canada. I1.;JI2,81!» 

Uxcetis  of  dutiiible  goods  hold  by  I' nited  States. $71,711,223 


riu'K  (iooi)s. 


United  Stales  bou.u-'it  from  Canada $l-in.lM.niO 

Canada  IViiin  United  Stutcs ll.'!.r).')0..172 

E.vcess  of  free  goods  sold  by  Canada, $20,.')fin,r).3.*? 


Balance  at,'ainst  Canada  in  !»J  year.s,  ....    ii;'l.">,l"7,l),'57 

This  is  one  of  the  ;irgiiTnctits  uscmI  to  show  th;it  wc  have  "  m11  tlie 
.i(lvaiit;iii"o."  Witliout  any  fiirtlKT  ex])hiiiati()ii  it  would  set'iii  lair 
and  just.  ]»ut  let  lis  dissect  one  year's  l)usiiiess  l)ef^)r('  tlie  ti'eaty, 
and  see  how  that  stands.  T.akiiiu^  1S.51,  and  they  return  .-is  loHows, 
vi/:  ])ulial)le  c;oods  imported  into  (\anada  from  the  United  Stales, 
87,971,:>S() ;  Freedoods,  81 ,147,r!S8  — ntakin^-the  total  imports  into 
Canada,  -i^O,!  1  S,70S.  The  exports  from  the  United  States  for  that 
year  were  84,020,084,  leaving  .-m  ap]>arent  balance  in  favor  of  the 
United  States,  of  84,1  SO, list.  IJut  if  we  turn  to  page  427  of  "An- 
drews"' i-ejtort,"  Ave  funl  that  the  following  are  the  countries  im}>orted 
from : 

Great  Britain,  87,358,988;  United  States,  81,081,372;  r>ritish 
North  iVmerican  Colonies,  8252,292;  otlier  countries,  8484,512. 

The  merchants  of  Upper  Canada,  at  that  time,  Avere  either  com- 
pelled to  import  their  spring  goods  via  the  St.  LaAvrence,  dni'ing  the 
autumn  of  the  ])receding  year,  or  else  to  get  them  in  bond  through 
the  United  States.  When  these  goods  arrive  at  the  port  of  cntr\^ 
in  Canada,  they  arc  entered  as  imported  from  the  United  Sttites, 
AA'hen  no  one  in  the  United  States  has  ever  seen  a  single  article  con- 
tained In  the  Avhole  cargo.  AVe  have  oidy  carried  the  goods,  Avhile 
they  Avere  the  i)roductions  of  Great  Britain.  Of  the  entire  amount 
of  manufactured  goods  made  In  the  United  States,  that  we  can  sell 
to  Canada  to  advantage,  boots  and  shoes  form  one  of  the  largest 
items.     That  trade,  for  1851,  Avas  only  842,592. 

The  total  amount  of  goods  entering  Canada  from  the  Ignited 
States  from  1859  to  1803  inclusive  (live  years),  as  seen  by  ^fr.  Chase's 
report,  on  page  92,  Avas  836,000,800;  and  in  order  to  see  hoAV  much 
of  tliat  trade  belonged  to  the  United  States,  turn  to  page  105  of  the 
same  report  and  it  Avill  be  found ; 


For  l.s.-.O,  It  was ^■».isr..r)l(; 

••    im;i).-    ••  .'{..vjs.iii 

>•      lW(i|."     '•   .M.jdl.iili: 

"    isc.'j.  "    ••  2,;)!i(;.!i;:(i 

••    i.'.ii;;,  •'    "  i,r>i(),«()2— ^'liV.'M.'^ooj 

Huliuicc!  oifiivvlja  trmh'  throwjh  the  Uidled  SUdes,..     $2().6.")7,i*^M) 

Tlioro  scciMs  to  1)0  soiiio  (list'n'i).'\noic's  in  tlio  accoinils  as  seen  by 
tuniinu"  1<>  paj^e  1(»;!  of  tlu'  same  vciiort.  The  "  value  of  iiujiorts 
into  t'aiiada  passinLi;  tlir<^U!4li  tlie  Vniled  States  in  bond,"  is  j;iveii 
at  $24,958,200  for  the  same  period. 

The  Canadians,  in  their  ojffcial  returns  of  FiiEi3  (JOOds,  aiti  i'ui<j 
Cdnmlafnna  tlta  Unih'd  IStntc^.Wn  1801,  '02  and  \u>  (see  i>aL;-e  07), 
liJive  an  item  of  !ii<S,()  1.5,1 84  of  nj)ecie  and  huUlon.  The  e.i'j/ort  o£ 
"  speeie  and  bull'on"  is  generally  to  eover  balanees  (((jdiiist  iho 
jounti'V  exjiorting  it. 

]Jut  let  us  see  another  item  ol'  thi'  way  in  Avhieh  tlie  balanee  of  trade 
is  in  oxr  fat'or,  as  they  elaini,  and  see  how  the  S(niie  <trtlehs  com- 
pare in  pi'i<;e  A\hen  imported  into  tlie  United  States  from  tlu m  and 
Avhen  exported  to  them  (see  l)age  80  for  imports,  anil  page  'Jo  for 
exports)  for  186;). 

IMPOUTS    FItO.M    Till';    rUOVI.VCKS.  EXrOIlTS    ro    TIIK    IMIOVIXC'KS. 

Coal  is  oiitci'cil  at  an  uvorai^c  of,  I'cr  ton,  ^^2  (!;■>  At  an  avora^c  of  !?.")  .'JO 

Dried  Fish               "  "     per  101)  ll)s..      2  !>0              '•     "         "  '^            4  ()() 

Fi-^li  oil                    "  "             i;i'r  unl..         58              '•     "         "                   S!l^ 

Wool                         ••  '•              jicr  11).,         ;{!)              "     "         ''                   .1(1 

Meats                        '■  '•     per  1<I0  U.S.,     4  (17              "     "         "               (1  72 

Flour                       '■  '•           per  Itbl.,     2  03             "     "        <'              o  S2 

Our  coal  is  estimated  fxitwice  {\\<^ price  oi' theirs ',  our  fish  at  sixty 
per  c^iit.  hit/her  than  theirs.  The  grades  of  Caniidian  Hour  sent  into 
our  nuirket  are  generally  their  ba^t  grades,  usually  eouipeting  with 
our  best  grades  of  Avhite  Avhe.at  flour,  while  what  we  send  to  Can- 
ada is  of  our  ^)oo;'er  grades.  Yet  our  roou  ri.ouu  stands  upon  re- 
cord at  FOiiTY-FivE  per  cent,  liiijher  value  than  their  LeM  grades. 
This  figuring  shows  that  Ave  "calculate''  their  im^yortsixvcnotyvovXh 
so  uiuch  as  our  exports  of  the  same  articles.  But  while  Ave  arc  doing 
this  they  "  calculate  "  the  "  balanee  of  trade  "  in  our  favor  upon,  these 
diiferences  hi  vcdue  put  upon  the  same  articles.  To  uiake  it  u\orc 
plain,  Ave  import  from  Nova  Scotia  lOOlbs  dry  fish  free  of  duty; 
they  are  entered  at  our  custom-house  in  Portland  at  s;2  00  cents  ; 
"wc  semi  the  same  bundle  offish  o)i  to  il/o«<;'c«/,Avliich  they  enter  there 
free  of  duty  at  1^4  60  ;  avc  have  only  transferred  the  sa^ne  bundle  of 
fsh,  and  got  a  "  balance  of  trade  "  in  our  favor  of  sixty  per  cent,  of 
the  original  amount  that  the  same  bundle  offish  Avas  entered  for  at  our 


37 

cnstom-liousc  in  l'orll:unl,  wlicii  jxM-liMps  tli.-it  was  nil  that  we  lia<l 
to  do  with  it,  «)ur  export  valiu'  Ix'iiii;;  sixty  |K>r  cent,  more  lliaii  the 
itnpoH  value  oi'the  sanu'  article  uoiiii;"  from  one  provim-e  t»>  another 
over  their  line  of  railway  thr<»ut;h  »>nr  country.  If  we  inij)(»rt  at 
tjohl  value  and  expoi't  at  ninuufi/  value,  it  is  an  easy  way  of  ij;ettini»' 
tiufures  to  show  a  favoralde  result,  when  the  facts  niav  show  a  de- 
ci(U'(l  loss.  Suppose  they  buy  tea,  coffee,  sui^ar,  dye  stuffs,  silks. 
laeos,  crape  shawls,  oi-  any  other  o-oods  of  foreign  growth  or  manu- 
facture, in  our  markets,  it  contrihutes  nothiuL?  Avhatevei-  to  the  in- 
dustry of  this  country.  MMuMuerchant  Avho  sells  may  have  nnule  a 
profit  ;  but  they  liave  not  conti'ihutcd  a  day's  Avork,  or  one  farthing" 
beyond  the  sale  and  carryimj^  of  the  goods  to  the  Canada  line. 

Jbit  let  us  see  Avliat  Ave  got  from  them  the  same  vear.     A\'e  find 
that  they  exi)orted  to  the  Tnited  States: 


Aslu's. $  (;.").!)02 

Ijiiiihor, 7(l(i.()2S 

Sliinjflos, '_'(1.7.'i2 

Cuttle I  KMTi; 

1  [orscs, 1  s.").s  I  s 


AV0..I, 


Flour $i,lSl.|s| 

JJiii'lcy  and  Ifyc T;").')!)!; 

]  Jeans  and  I'eas tLASS 

Oals ];;,"..7ll,-> 

liulter  and  K^;i;s, TCOT.' 

liieniiniorated, 1 .7(».").(li;i 


ll.siMi 

^Vlleat, I'Jl.KJO 

Total, $l.il2!),(i.si 

Thus,  instead  of  having  a  large  b.alance  in  our  favor,  we  had  from 
them  the  very  tirticles  that  avc  raise  and  that  give  em])loyment  and 
strength  to  our  country,  mostly  larm  jn-o<bictions,  and  lund)er  Aal- 
ned  at  84,920,084 ;  Avhile  they  had  from  us,  as  above,  ^l,081,."i7-'. 
Ualanco  against  us,  fii<;J,847,7Ji' ;  and  a\  hen  Ave  deduct  such  tirticles 
as  tea,  coifee,  dye  stuffs,  silks,  laces,  fort'ign  goods,  and  stigar  in 
bond,  the  above  btdance  against  us  Avill  be  largely  incretised. 

If  AVG  separate  the  other  years'  trade  in  the  same  manner  we  sliall 
arrive  at  a  simihir  i-esult.  We  do  not  now  have  even  the  carryiug 
trade  to  any  extent,  for  the  Orand  Trunk  Iftulway  takes  the  largest 
proj)ortion  of  it  from  l*ortland  to  ^Montreal,  and  from  there  through 
Canada;  even  the  goods  for  the  Hudson  ]Jay  Company  go  that  way. 


III. 


liECrPRodTY  IX  XA  VTGATIOX. 

The  origin  of  the  Keciprocity  Treaty  is  claimed  by  tlic  Canadians 
to  have  been  "the  desire  of  tlic  Mew  England  Sttites  for  a  settle- 
ment of  the  fishery  dispute,  of  the  Western  States  to  obtain  the 


38 


rlLi'lit  lo  n:ivi,L;;ite  tlii'  St.  Liiwri'iici'  ninl  tlu'  (':iii;i<li;ni  cmiimIs,  tin* 
iiiixiety  of  Caii.ula  lor  iVce  t'litniiicc  lor  liiT  ii;itiir;il  i»ro(liU'l.s  into 
AinericMU  markets,  ami  tin-  advantam-s  aiiticipatiMl  by  many  iVom 
closer  coinnicreial  intercourse,  at  last  Itroiiylit  about  u  chanye.  'I'lie 
Iti'fijirocity  Treaty  was  the  result.'" 

The  lisliery  <iuestioM  beini;  disjxised  of  in  my  former  papers,  mc 
now  come  to  the  riuht  to  navi^'ate  the  St.  Law  renee  and  thi'  (.'ana- 
<lian  canals,  in  which  we  u'ot  "  all  the  advantage"  ajjjain.  We  ha<l 
till'  riyht  to  naviijate  the  \\'elland  and  all  the  (jllier  ('.anadian  c;inals 
before  the  treaty  —  that  is,  by  ]>ayin<;"  tolls.  Since  the  treaty  we 
liave,  !i  i)art  of  the  time,  ]>aid  the  iidl  amount  <»f  tolls  for  mei-ely 
]»assinu:  throui^h  the  ^Vclland  canal  to  Oswei^o,  Kingston  or  'J'oron- 
to,  Avhile  Canadian  vessels  could  pass  into  lake  ]Michi<^an,  run  to  our 
poiMs,  and  take  cargoes  of  grain  to  Ivingston  or  Toronto.  The  Ca- 
nadians refund  to  their  vessels  ninety  j)ei'  cent,  of  their  tolls,  and 
while  they  enjoyetl  the  full  benefit  of  going  to  various  ])orts  on  lake 
^Michigan,  to  carry  oui*  ])rodiu'tions,  wi'  could  not  take  them  to  the 
>anie  j)orts  in  .Vmerican  vessels  without  ]>aying  full  toll.  l*eci}»ro- 
cit\'  in  that  was  ninetv  per  cent,  in  faNor  of  their  \essels  au'ainst  our 
own.  In  the  year  1850,  four  years  l)efore  the  treaty,  ^Vnu-rican  shi|)- 
]iing  ]>aid  forty  per  cent,  more  tolls  to  the  Welland  canal  than  their 
own  shi])ping  paitl.  They  run  through  the  canal  2,902  vessels,  and 
we  run  only  1,700. 

The  free  navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  get  out  into  t],o  ocean, 
was  the  great  ])ri/e  Ave  were  grasping  at.  The  "  Great  Northwest " 
were  clamorous  for  that  great  "nature's  highway  "  to  foreign  mar- 
kets. We  got  that  as  a  great  favor  in  the  Iteci})rocity  Treaty,  and 
I  will  now  endeavor  to  ascertain  how  much  "we  were  benefited  bv 
it.  If  we  turn  to  Secretary  Chase's  re})ort,  page  100,  we  Avill  iiiid 
that  for  seven  years  there  Avas  cleared  at  lake  ports  of  the  United 
States,  to  foreign  couTitries  other  than  Canada,  44  vessels,  equal  to 
15,001  tons  capacity,  and  that  the  entries  for  six  years  Averc  ,'?2  ves- 
sels of  11,201  tons.  Let  us  examine  into  the  great  beneiit  of  the 
gr.'int  to  Americans  to  navigate  the  St.  LaAvrence. 

The  total  tonnage  in  and  out  for  scA'en  years  Avouhl  not  exceed 
1  wo  days'  shipment  from  Buifalo  eastAvard,  and  that  little  Avas  not 
on  American  account,  four  of  these  entrances  and  clearances  being 
Xtn-wegian  vessels.  Xearlv  all  the  others  Avere  vessels  belonging 
to  and  running  as  the  "  Cinmingluim,  ShaAV  tfc  Co.'s  line,"  and  even 
if  they  Avcro  registered  as  American,  Averc  OAvned  in  Liver])ool  and 
run  entirely  on  Liverpool  account.  Patrick  Tregent's  A'essels  ran  a 
fcAv  trips.     One  of  these  Avas  the  "John  G.  Deshler,"  Avhich  rescued 


Tr 


no 


?5 


tlio  ])MSS('nu;('rs  fVoni  tlio  wri'ck  oftlK'  stcjuusliip  Xorlli  Utilaiii.  Mf. 
Trt'LCi'itt  I'lM's  111  Liv»'r|i<M)1,  ;m<l  nms  his  vi-ssi'ls  I'litln-ly  <»ii  Mnj^li^h 
:if(iomit.  So,  iiist('M<l  nftlic  Ivt'ciin-ocitv  Trcrity  l>oiiiL'  (>t':iiiv  scrvu-e 
to  us,  by  .i;r:mtiiii^  llu'  IVcc  ii;iviLr:it"u»ii  of  tlir  St.  Lawrciici',  it  lins 
Ljivon  KiiuilishnK'i)  ji  clmtici!  to  nm  Kii'-lisli  ncsscIh  into  otir  o\\  ii  u:i- 
tors,  and  tako  iVc'ii;lit  iVom  our  <*\\u  slii]ti»iiig,  and  carry  it  down  the 
St.  Lawrt'iico  for  their  own  iKMioHt. 
yiv.  Chaso  says: 

'•  III  till'  last  flsciil  year  (IRti.'J)  but  ii  sini,'U'  vo«s(>l  elciircd  and  cnton'il,  an  tl  it  can. 
tlicivruri'.  scai'ci'iy  li(>  iiccfssary  to  iiiaki'a  ilisiincl  ami  inrcisc  accoiiiil  ufit  asdfa  |M'r- 
iiiaiiciit  Irado.  This  |inu'tical  iit'Kl<'L't  ot'tlu!  St.  liawiviicc  rlvrr  as  an  oiillct  lij  west- 
t'ln  proiliioo  of  llio  L'liitfd  Slates,  under  the  ciroiinistaiKjes  (•initi-oHiiii;'  that  I'laite  for 
the  la<t  lour  or  live  years,  is  iiarlicnlarly  siiiiiilicant.  and  deei-^ivi!  as  to  the  cliMiniels 
this  trade  prelers.  Not  only  the  treaty  of  Kecipi'ocity.  Imt  the  careful  and  invilin;^ 
leifislation  of  Canada  in  re;.Mril  to  tolls  and  tonna;j;e  duties,  haveiiniletl  to  remove  all 
(distacles  to  the  free  einployineiit  of  this  route  for  the  exports  of  lireadstiitfs  and  pro- 
visions  Iroin  the  \Vest«>rn  Stati's.  (Ireat  li(t|n'S  were  eiitertaine<l  in  Canada  td'  the 
coniineire  that  woiilil  hi;  thus  dev(doped.  hut  Ihi'  uullal  r/Zor/.s  I'f  the  lira  ynn  rinm  ///s 
h'lri'  jii'iind  nflilllr  itTffi  hi.  iijiiii'hui 'i  cIi'IiukI  pnJ'iVdhlc  lo  llidl  iiuoli:  iiiinfllir  ((iLm, 
the  cUKdls  ami  rdilrudils  of  tin'  t'nildl  ^■^(^^s." 

They  inaiU'  an  t'xtra  cirort,  l)y  the  re'iii(i\al  of  tlu'  tolls,  to  iiidiicL' 
■wostcrn  produce  to  go  that  way,  and  the  lion.  \V.  1*.  llowland  says 
of  that  elfort: 

"  First  amon;^  tlii'se  ciroiinistanoes  maybe  stated  llie  ^n-oatly  increased  inodiic- 
tinn  of  cereals  in  the  Western  States.  *  "  *  That  in  pr(i|)ortion  to  tiiat  iiicreiise 
ami  to  tiie  wliol(!  volume  of  ajxricnltural  jirodiice  moved  IVom  lakes  lOrie  tiiid  Midii- 
jitiii  to  tidewater,  ir.(!  Imrc  not  (ilituhn.il  so  Inrijc  a  (nijlc,  aince  the  rtinvcul  of  the  lolls, 
as  loe  obtained  prior  to  tlie  (nlnjition  i>j  tliat  jivHc;/," 

After  eiiioviiiii'  the  i)ri\ilt"4e  of  "  o•i^■iIl<>•  something  i'or  nothing'' 
for  ton  yetirs,  -wo  are  tt>ld,  "•  Tf  tlie  expectations  of  the  Americans 
have  not  Iteen  realized,  tliev  must  have  hcen  nnreasonahle.  It  Avas 
not  expected  that  this  direct  trade  sliould  at  once  assmne  colossal 
proportions."  Let  unreasonable  Americans  be  patient  and  continue 
the  Kecii)rocity  Treaty.  Sup})0se  Canadian  shijis  have  had  all  the 
advantages  in  going  into  American  waters  and  bringing  awav  Anierl- 
can  procbu'.e;  and  supposing  that  the  Anu'rican  people  have  been  seven 
years  doini;  two  davs'  business  via  "the  oidv  reliable  direct  route  " 
of  whicb  they  have  heard  so  much  and  realized  so  little  —  naturt-'s 
liighway  is  o[)en  to  them  yet,  and  Canadians  are  Avilling  to  be  ]ta- 
tient,  and  let  others  enjoy  the  same  blessing  a  little  while  longer, 
provided  they  don't  interfere  with  the  other  blessings  which  have 
been  conferred  u])on  them  duriuir  the  last  ten  vears.  Why  throw 
away  all  the  advantages  when  Canadians  are  willing  that  Americans 
should  have  them?  Hope  seldom  told  a  uiore  flattering  tale 
than  on  this  subject. 


40 


Let  US  ;isk  some  "  unronsoiialile  "  tjiu'stions,  and  toll  some  truths 
in  rex'ard  to  tills  ureat  route  wliieli  has  been  liehl  ui)  so  attraetivelv 
hef'ore  us.  It' the  St.  Lawrt'iu-e  route  is  wortli  si)  uiueh  for  our  ]>ro- 
iluce  to  uet  out  to  the  oei-an,  wliy  dou'l  Canadians  use  it  tliemselves, 
and  take  their  ]»roduee  to  tliat  free  Kuulish  market  that  they  ehiim 
Avas  made  tor  our  Itenelit,  instea<l  oi"  st'udiuii:  owr  to  Oswego  and 
down  our  dirtv  eanal  (o  New  Vork,  |ia\inLi'  tolls  to  ns  ^  The  rea- 
sous  are  jtlain  and  uundstakahle.  'llii'V,  liki'  ourselves,  Avant  and 
musi  lia\(.'  a  ehoii-e  of  markets  on  this  coutinenl  ;  and  that  choice 
nn'sf  he  made  in  favor  of  our  Aincricioi  citirx.  A\'e  all  km,)\v  that 
llicre  are  1)Ut  few  vessels  en;j,aj;'ed  in  tradin;;'  \\\)  the  St,  ].a\vrence, 
aud  they  are  shutout  l)y  ice  until  ttn)  late  for  the  sprintjf  trade; 
hence  they  come  in  ballast,  to  take  timhcr  and  sla\'es  back,  and  do 
not  look  tor  much  else.  They  arri\i'  iu  lU'cts  in  oi'der  to  be  ready 
as  soou  as  the  ice  will  peianit,  to  u'ct  their  rctni'n  car^'oes.  AVheu 
they  leave  a^'aiu  there  is  no  certainty  (»!' fuuliiiL:;  a  vessel  just  sidted 
tor  what  is  to  be  carritnl ;  there  is  an  uncertainty  and  doidit  about 
ihe  business.  Durinu' the  suunncr  months  tVciL;ht  is  not  furnished 
in  \ cry  lai'u'e  quantities.  AVheu  it  lea\es  CMiicau'o  lor  Xew  Yoi'k, 
it  has  the  bent'tit  of  the  r>ntl;do,  ^Vlbauy  ami  Troy  marj-wcts,  and  on 
arri\al  at  New  Vork  has  the  benelit  of  the  markets  ot'  the  Avhole 
"world,  with  shii)S  ready  to  take  it  at  onci'.  Our  fall  shi|iments  may 
LTo  into  store  aud  l)e  sold  anv  time  durinu'  th(>  winter,  while  at  Que- 
l»ec,  if  they  missed  u,'etlini;-  out  iu  the  fall,  they  woidd  yo  into  store 
for  lu'arly  seven  months. 

The  straits  of  ])elle  Isle  ar(>  closed  with  ice  about  seven  nu)ulhs  out 
oftwelvi',  ami  are  not  safe  duriuLj,'  the  sunnner  mouths,  oAvin^  to  the 
stroiiij:  current  which  sets  through  them,  and  the  lack  of  harbors, 
'i'he  outlet  A'ia  the  Vi\\\\\  around  Cape  IJace,  is  not  much  better. 
Those  jterpetual  fou's  which  hanu'  oN'er  the  ]>anks,  aud  liover  near 
the  southei-n  and  eastern  portions  ol'  the  coast  of  Ni.'wfoundland, 
are  supposed  to  be  caused  by  the  tro] ileal  watei's,  which  are  swe])t 
onward  ])V  the  (Julf  Stream,  and  miuLiled  w  ith  the  icy  waters  cai'ried 
down  b>  the  inllueuce  of  the  norther!  v  and  westei'lv  wimls  irom  the 
l*olar  Seas.  This  meetiuL:;  takes  place  ou  the  (Jrand  Jbmk.  The 
dilfereiici'  iu  the  temj-erature  of  the  opposing  currents,  and  in  their 
accompaining  atmosphere,  ])roduces  both  evaporation  and  comlen- 
sation,  aud  lience  the  coniiuual  f>_u.  We  renu'udier  the  ill-fated 
steamer  .Vretio,  Avhich  was  rini  down  by  a  l''rt'uch  siii])  iu  a  ion-.  "We 
also  reiiu'nd)er  the  loss  of  eij^lit  or  Xcn  steamers  out  of  one  liiu' ;  and 
we  km>w,  too,  that  "we  can  oidy  reach  one  market  ot"  any  value  to 
irs  bv  that  route.     For  the  last   three  or  Ibur  years  that  has  l>eeu 


41 

worse  lliaii  our  own.  Pcrlin]>s  some  of  onr  AN'ostern  friends  expect 
to  .'i\  i)i<l  Jjiilliilo  ;ui(l  Oswego  and  u'el  to  lioslon  and  New  York  by 
that  roiile.  Let  tlieni  try  the  experiment,  l-'rom  l>u1falu  to  Bos- 
ton via  tlie  river  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Ocean,  is  ;i,:^(i()  miU's,  and 
to  New  \i)\-k  .'KDTl  miles,  a^-ainst  41)5  mik's  iVom  KulValo  to  New 
York  via  canal  and  river. 

'We  siiall  riMjuire  sometliinu"  besi(h's  the  tViH'  naviu'ation  of  the  St. 
J^awrence,  m  hieh  _^■i^■es  us  the  iiri\  ileo-e  ot"  uoin;::  ;?,470  miles  out  of 
our  way  to  u'ct  to  New  York.  AVhat  nuM-ehant  in  C'hieau-o  is  jire- 
pareil  {o  ;^'i\i'  an  order  for  u'oods  to  come  l)ack  on  tlu'  same  \essel 
whicii  lakes  his  txrain  over  this  i-i^ute?  J)o  we  want  to  send  iVoni 
Uulfalo  to  Liver])Ool,  3,2  l;5  miles,  to  lind  an  uncertain  market,  or 
send  4!).")  miles  to  lind  a  certain  market  and  meet  the  ordeis  ol'  the 
entire  world?  We  think  it  Avill  not  recpiire  ten  years  more  to  de- 
nionsti-ate  the  utter  wortlilessness  of  that  routeto  us  as  an  outlet  for 
our  surjtlus  ]>roductions.  For  those  seekinii'  a  p/caf^tn-e  trip  in  sum- 
mer, the  sctiuM-y  of  the  Tliousand  Islands  and  the  lka}»ids  ot'the  St. 
Lawrence  form  one  of  the  most  deliu'litful  ami  ])ictures<pu'  trijis  in 
tlve  world.  The  traveler  that  has  not  enjoyed  this  trij)  has  lost  a 
treat  not  to  be  found  anvwhere  else  in  the  world. 


TllK   COASriXa    TJ!A])E. 


The  IFon.  Josepli  Howe  said  in  the  Detroit  C^)nvention: 

*•  A  sliip  tVom  Maine  or  ^[i^ss;lcllusot(f^,  or  from  any  S(iit(>  in  (lie  I'liioii,  may  imt 
only  visit  und  unlade  at  tli<>  i»ort  to  wliicli  she  lias  Ihhmi  cleared.  Imt  siie  may  uo  iVdni 
]iort  to  ))or(.  anil  I'rom  rrovlnco  to  rrovince.  until  slielias  (•ircuninavi^atcd  the  ulolie. 
the  discretion  of  her  owners  liein,;;"  the  only  liniit  to  tiie  extent  of  h<'r  transacliiais. 
Tho  «i-overiiinent  of  the  fiiiled  States  <j,ives  to  liiilisii  sulijeels  no  iKirliriiiaiion  in 
their  coasting'  tiade.  Whether  they  lin<l  a  market  or  not.  they  must  lu'eak  iiuiU  and 
poll  at  any  jiort  they  enter.  With  her  fifty  colonies  spread  ovi'r  the  face  of  the  lilolio. 
your  >liii>  nwnt  rs  parliciiialo  in  the  same  privileges  as  our  own.  ^"our  vessels  arc 
perniilleil  to  "iin  to  Halifax,  from  Halifax  to  St.  Jolin.  from  St.  John  to  lirilisii  Co- 
lumbia, iuid  ruim  liritish  ('olumhia  to  England.  Scothind,  or  In'land.  Tliey  are  al- 
lowed to  go  coasling  round  tlie  JJrilish  llinpire  until  l!;ey  id!,  lint  you  dn  not  give 
us  the  privilege  of  coasting  anywhere  from  one  end  of  your  Atlantic  coast  to  the 
other.  And  thus  it  is  that  1  say  to  my  tViend  IVoiii  Maine  thai  in  granling  this  pri\i- 
lege,  with  iioliiing  in  return,  Great  Uritain  gives  you  a  pretty  large  slice."' 

Here  is  tinother  pretty  larije  slice  with  "  nothinix  in  return."  "NVe 
should  be  ashamed  of  ourselves  and  apolon'i/.e  to  our  iVieiids  for 
takino;  so  much  *•' for  nothing ;"  but  before  doing  so  I  would  like 
to  know  when  tin  uVmereian  ^■essel  could  loa<l  in  Chicago  and  g(^  to 
Toronto  and  discharge  a  part  of  her  cargo,  then  go  on  to  ]\ings- 
ton  and  discharge  the  balance  withotit  having  cle;ire<l  from  Toronto 
to  an  American  port,  and  then  cletiring  from  tin  American  }»ort  for 


42 

Kui!.';ston  aGjain  ;  or  why  tlio  stcuinors  rnnniiiG;  from  OgdonsLurg 
to  I^loiitiH'Ml  ill  fouiicH-tioii  villi  tlic  .\iiK'ric:iu  line  iiiust  iK't-essarily 
1)0  IJritish  vcssols,  and  why  all  ])ass(.'n!4C'rs  have  to  change  boats, 
while  ;i  Jii'itish  steamer  ma\'  he  run  from  Toronto  to  Osweu'o.  from 
()sweL;;o  to  KiiiLj^ston,  Ivinu'ston  to  Clayton,  C'layton  to  ])roek\illo, 
J>rock\ille  to  Ogsdensburuh,  and  from  Ogdenshurgh  to  Montreal, 
calling  at  every  port,  as  soon  as  she  gets  into  British  waters?  If 
we  load  an  American  vessel  at  Chicago  for  Liverpool,  we  must  not 
break  bulk  or  discharge  any  ])art  of  that  cargo  at  another  ]>ritish 
])ort.  If  we  have  any  such  right,  my  education  has  bi-eii  neglected 
on  that  point.  In  ISOO  the  C'ana<lian  Legislatiu'e  ])assed  an  act 
throwing  o])en  the  harljor  and  district  of  Gaspe  JJasin,  as  a  free 
port,  without  ])ayment  of  duties.  This  also  eiid)raced  an  extended 
line  of  coast,  with  the  islands  of  .Vnticosti  and  the  Magdalen  islands. 
The  object  Mas  to  furnish  the  small  number  of  inhabitants  on  that 
larf/o  area  of  territory  with  the  means  of  subsistence,  and  to  induce 
others  to  go  there.  J>ut  no  inducenunits  have  succeeded  in  <loing  much 
good,  as  that  district  is  not  caj>able  of  nnu'h  development.  They 
at  the  same  time,  o})eiu'd  the  free  ])ort  at  Sault  Ste  ]Marie,  em- 
bracing the  Avhole  Canadian  coast  of  Lake  Suj)erior  and  Lake  Hu- 
ron, extending  over  400  miles  of  lake  coast,  and  the  adjacent  islands 
included.  L'^nder  the  same  circumstances  they  can  no  doubt  get 
permission  to  coast  upon  any  of  our  harveii  or  dtsobde  c'v<iMs  as 
long  as  t/iei/  like. 

A  British  owner  of  an  Anu'rican  shij>  may  load  in  Liverjtool  and 
go  ])eddling  all  over  our  Anu'rican  lakes,  into  every  town  and  city, 
and  if  he  can  get  his  vessel  intt)  the  ^Lississippi,  he  may  go  on  ped- 
dling British  goods  (if  the  duty  is  paid)  to  New  Orleans  and  along 
the  coast  back  to  Ilalifix  without  any  interruption.  We  can  no 
doubt  do  the  same  in  their  waters  umler  tlie  same  circumstances. 
Reciprocity  in  coasting  is  about  an  even  thing. 

rxECiriiociTY  IX  feeling. 


Commercial  intercourse  gcTierally  produces  a  "  reciprocity  of 
feeling,"  and  where  those  commei'cial  ti'ansactions  are  materially 
advantageous  to  both  ])arties,  both  are  satislie/1  to  continue  to  trade 
with  and  respect  each  other.  The  I*rovinces  are,  by  their  geo- 
graphical position,  material  producers  for  this  market  to  some  ex- 
tent. Our  markets  must  of  necessity  be  tlieir  markets  for  a  larue 
share  of  their  surplus  productions;  but  frcnu  the  present  m-cessi- 
ties  of  both  countries  we  cannot  continue  a  system  of  free  trade, 


o 

:0 


unless  Ave  resort  to  measures  more  ol>jeotional)le.  We  eaiiiiot  be 
just  to  our  own  people  nnd  admit  foreign  productions  iree  into  our 
market,  while  we  are  com})elled  to  tax  tlie  same  class  of  industry 
in  the  case  of  our  own  peoj)le.  Canada  cannot  reduce  the  duty 
upon  our  hoots  and  shoes,  manufactured  cotton,  satii\ets,  ma- 
chinery, shovels,  spades,  hoes,  pianos,  hooks  and  such  other  goods 
as  we  manufacture  and  want  a  market  for,  without  reducing  their 
customs  revenue  below  their  actual  wants.  On  the  other  hand,  it* 
Canadians  ]>ay  a  duty  upon  tlieir  productions  and  ui)on  all  the 
goods,  wares  and  merchandise  consumed,  it  brings  their  net  resiUts 
down  to  so  low  an  average  that  thev  cannot  do  iustice  to  th.em- 
selves  and  nav  both  wavs  out  of  their  earnings. 

To  overcome  tiiese  ditliculties  and  continue  our  commercial  rela- 
tions, and  do  justice  to  both  parties,  will  soon  be  the  talk  of  states- 
men from  both  sides  of  the  line.  They  have  some  very  clever,  able, 
far-seeing  men,  and  from  our  ]»ast  ten  years'  ex})erience,  we  have 
reasons  tor  thinking  they  are  <piite  as  good,  if  not  better,  at  a  bar- 
gain than  Ave  are.  If  avc  should  get  some  advantages  for  the  next 
ten  years,  Ave  Avill  be  no  more  than  even  on  l{eci})rocity.  Oui-  ne- 
cessities compel  us  to  be  iirm  and  get  sucli  terms  as  shall  at  least 
put  our  own  people  on  a  par  with  them.  AVe  nmst  not  be  exact- 
iuir,  and  charge  them  Avith  svmpatliA'  Avith  the  South  during  our 
terrible  Avar.  We  are  all  liable  to  express  a  preference  for  a  ]»ros- 
perous  cause,  although  a  bad  one  ;  Avhile  Ave  are  (piite  as  I'eady  to 
repudiate  any  connection  Avith  the  same  cause  Avheii  it  fails.  AVo 
may  all  be  classed  as  friends  of  a  i|iaying  cause,  Avhich  we  would 
scorn  A\hen  it  ceased  to  pay.  AV'hile  we  must  not  hai'bor  any  nn- 
generous  or  liard  feelings  for  supposed  Avrongs,  or  ibr  sympathy 
Avith  our  "Southern  brethren,"  we  must  not  allow  oiirselves  to  be 
over-generous,  and  be  Hattered  into  terms  by  their  ])rofession  of 
love  and  sympathy.  I  mention  this,  as  Ave  have  been  charged  Avith 
enticing  their  young  men  aAvay  from  their  homes  to  light  our  battles. 

Mr.  Howe  said,  in  his  speech  at  the  Detroit  Convention  : 

"  We  also  have  a  cliarp:o  atrainst  you.  You  liavo  attracted  our  yoiuiir  uici!  across 
tl>e  border  to  li>;lit  your  l)attles.  Wliere  you  cau  liud  one  man  iu  ilie  Soiitln'rn  army 
I'rom  llii'  liritish  J'lovincc.-^.  you  will  lind  lilly  in  the  Norll.crn  army  I.  loo.  liave 
PuU'ered  somewhat  in  tliis  war.  1  have  a  son  who  has  served  in  the  Twciilv-Third 
Ohio,  and  parlieipated  in  many  a  heavy  engajiement.  And  wiien  he  shewed  to  mo 
the  cerlilicate  of  his  commaiidinj^'  otlieers,  Ihat  lie  had  eondueled  himscdl'  wilhbra- 
very  and  lidelily,  it  was  some  compensation  for  many  anxious  hours."  (The  audience 
here  rose  UunuUuously,  and  gase  three  cheers,) 

I  have  no  doubt  but  that  this  young  man  did  his  duty  nobly,  and 
is  an  honor  to  his  countrv  and  fimilv.  J  Jut  our  gratitude  should 
be  measured  by  the  motive  that  brought  lam  into  our  army.     Ho 


u 


Ikis  ;i  must  loval  fot'lliiix  i'oi'  tln'  llai;-  of  /(/'s  country,  for  Mr.  Jlowc 
says:  "Sir,  the  vi'ry  l>oy  I  lia\e  s|H)kc'ii  ol"  would  rallier  l>iow  las 
brains  out  than  liaul  down  the  honored  Ihig  of  his  counti-y."' 

A  noble  sentinii'Ut,  ^^■hieh  should  actuate  every  true  .American. 
J3ut  why  did  lie  leave  his  own  country  and  take  the  chances  of  o-o^,. 
tini;"  his  "•  brains  blown  out  "  to  sustain  our  ibig  ?  If  lu'  entered 
our  ser\ire  Avhen  the  first  u'un  sounde(l  to  arms,  and  came  into  the 
ranks  as  a  ]»rivate  at  ^13  per  nn>nth,  as  thousands  ol'  our  own 
brave  and  true  men  did,  thi'U  I  sav  A\e  owe  him  a  dtd)t  of  u'i'atitude 
A\hlch  we  can  never  fully  repay.  Ibit  it' he  waited,  ;;s  many  others 
did,  until  some  thousand  oi"  more  dollars  were  ollered  t'or  subst  itutcs, 
and  with  his  money  in  one  ])ocket  and  the  other  tilled  "with  letters 
from  inlluential  friends  to  our  inlluential  nu'u,  to  u'et  him  an  ap- 
pointment as  an  officer  over  our  own  brave  men  who  entered  as 
])ri\ates,  ami  was  made  an  officer,  and  drcAV  larue  pay  from  us 
for  n'overninn"  our  men,  then  the  gratitude  should  l)e  from  him  to 
our  government  for  liis  a}>})ointment,  and  to  his  God  for  s])aring 
liis  lil'e  in  battle. 

The  Provinces  furnished  about  40,000  names  iipon  our  nnister  rolls 
during  the  ]-ebellion.  INFany  ])erislicd  in  battle,  some  were  honor- 
ably discharged  after  doing  their  duty  creditably  to  thcmstdves  and 
nobly  foi-  U.S.  It  should  be  a  ]>leasing  duty  to  honor  those  brave 
nien,  and  to  sympathize  with  the  friemls  of  the  iiillen.  There  are 
sonu'  s]K'eial  cases  whieh  re([uire  mentioning  in  connection  "with 
this  subject  :  Thirty-nine  nanu'S  a])pear  ui)on  our  muster  rolls  as 
substitutes  for  drafted  nuui,  which  I  ])resunu.!  cost  us  about  jS^.'!9,000. 
Six  nn)iitlis  belbre  the  war  closed  only  two  Avere  left  to  tell  the 
story,  and  those  two  Avent  before  a  magisti'ate  at  Clifton,  in  Can- 
ada, to  si'ttle  their  difficulties  about  the  ])lunder,  ami  there  told 
their  stoi'v.  One  swore  he  liail  enlisted  twenty-six  times,  ami  tlie 
other  thirteen  times  ;  and  out  of  the  whole  thirty-nine  names  on 
our  nuister  rolls  only  tiro  went  into  a  tight.  That  tight  Avas  in 
Canada  over  the  spoils  !  Our  symjtathies  are  not  very  great  to- 
"wards  those  two,  magnilied  into  thirty-nine.  Not  one  soul  of  them 
o\er  did  duty  in  our  army.  Thev  minht  have  been  two  of  our  own 
scoundrels,  seeking  shelter  in  neutral  Canada.  From  one  family 
of  highly  res])ectable  ])eople  in  Canada  are  entered  four  names  upon 
our  muster  rolls.  Only  one  is  now  to  be  found,  and  he  is  doinjx 
duty  for  ihe  State  at  Auburn,  as  a  deserter — the  other  three  being 
the  same  one  magnilied  into  four. 

Thus,  while  we  should  harbor  no  ill  feelings  towards  those  who 
are  our  real  friends  in  Canada — and  I  know  we  have  thousands  of 


45 


w 


thciii — we  cannot  forget  that  a  few  of  the  40,000  nnnies  on  our 
[irniv  list  deserve  more  roi)e  tlian  u'ratitmle  at  our  hands,  Our 
synipatliies  shouUl  not  cover  tlie  whole  nund)er  of  nanjes,  without 
any  regard  to  the  motives  and  greenbacks  that  hel[)ed  to  make  \i\) 
that  iiumher.  \\'hen  our  sympathies  ai'e  wrought  u}>on  hy  the 
palrlolie  (U-eds  of  those  -40,000  self-sacrifieing  7ia)/ies  to  get  ]{eei- 
])r(M'ily  in  trade.,  we  must  be  all()\\ed  some  "  rec^iprocity  in  feel- 
ing" to  <luubt  the  full  nund)er  entitled  to  credit  on  trade  account, 
after  being  paid  in  full  at  the  time.  We  cannot  recip-ocate  the 
feeling  thai  we  u'ot  "all  the  advantages"  out  of  them. 

AVe  should  ileal  with  the  (pu'stions  of  tradi'  in  a  fair,  hoiu)rabie 
way,  that  a\  ill  benetit  both  sides.  They  claim  that  we  have  the 
balance  of  trade  ;  if  so,  they  camu)t  complain  if  1)oth  put  on  s:.y 
20  per  cent,  upon  all  the  articles  that  are  enumerated  in  the  })res- 
cnt  lJeci])rocity  treaty,  leaving  the  fisheries,  navigation  and  other 
matters  to  remain  just  as  tliey  arc.  The  20  per  cent,  would  no 
doulit  i)rotect  our  industry  and  keep  it  nu)ving  forward,  while  it 
would  Ijc  only  about  the  i>roportion  we  pay  for  our  necessities 
iXrowina:  out  of  the  waf  and  the  cost  of  collection.  Our  relations 
will  continue  just  tne  same  as  at  pi'csent,  and  if  our  trade  is  so 
evenly  ])alanced,  then  the  treasuries  of  both  will  be  replenished. 
In  going  over  the  entire  subject  carefully  we  must  arrive  at  the 
following  conclusions,  viz. : 

T,  The  present  treaty  nnist  close,  and  no  new  one  can  be  formed 
that  will  not  tax  imports  as  much  as  our  own  peo}>le  i)ay  for  en- 
joying the  same  markets  for  tlie  same  class  of  [)roductions.  Keci- 
l»rocily  will  atlmit  of  our  productions  being  taxed  the  same  amount 
when  sold  in  their  market. 

II.  Our  rights  gained  in  the  fisheries  arc  a  poor  compensation 
for  their  iish,  coal,  gypsum,  lumber,  grind  stones,  granite  and  other 
conunodities,  entering  our  markets  free  of  duty. 

III.  While  we  admit  some  advantages  to  some  of  our  lumber- 
men in  running  the  St.  John's  river  in  New  .Brunswick,  we  con- 
tend  that  we  have  enjoyed  no  benefit  whatever  from  the  free  navi- 
gation of  the  St.  Lawrence,  for  our  shii)i)ing  doing  a  through 
business  to  foreign  ports.  If  there  has  been  any  benelit  at  all,  it 
has  accrued  to  JJritish  subjects  entirely.  IVrhaps  there  ha\  e  been 
twenty-five  Americans  who  have  been  benelited  by  the  Quebec 
market  for  staves  and  tindjer. 

IV.  AVe  derived  no  benefit  from  the  use  of  the  AVclIand  Canal 
that  we  did  not  have  before  the  treaty,  and  that  we  paid  for  a  jtart  of 
the  time  Avith  a  discrimination  of  90  per  cent,  against  our  own  vessils. 


4G 


V.  ^Vo  can  sec  no  c'<|uiv;ilc'ut  for  tlic  lVc<'  iiaviii'atioii  liy  tlu'ir 
vessi'ls  of  Lake  .MichiLjan,  wliicli  llicy  can  use  and  do  on-  busi- 
ness iVoni  oui' ou  n  ]>or1s  to  our  own  |iorls  on  I.akc  Ontario,  Ity 
t'learini;-  their  Ncssi'ls  from  (Miicai^o  to  ]*ort  Colborne  ;  consiu-niuL;" 
to  some  (:]\v  at  I'oi'f  Dalliouise,  an<l  sen<linLi;  tVeii^'lits  o\-ei-  llie  W'el- 
land  Ilailroa<l,  tuenty-eiixlit  miles,  anollier  Ili-itish  Ncssel  taking'  the 
same  freitj'ht  witli  bill  ot'ladiu'j;  from  there  to  Osweiro.  That  is  an- 
Other  '' atlvantaii'e  "  we  (b)  not  ^et  i'rom  them. 

Fimdly  :  Our  comuu'reial  relations  must  b(>  continued,  or  "  ri'ci- 
jn-ocity  in  feelini;- "  will  (b'cline.  AVe  desiiH'  a  fair  t I'eaty,  base(l 
u[M)n  ])rini'ii)les  ot"  tact  ami  Justice  1o  both  ]»arties,  and  T  can  see  no 
bettt'r  way  (/i<Oi  to  led  re  ilte  jircsent  t  renin  hi  aU  its,  he<ii'Ui<if<,  hut 
(((/reehtii  upon  a  ^niifann  toritf  in  hotJi  count nes  upo))  (ill  ortielefi 
nientio/ied  in  it  <(k  free  (jouiln  :  or  in  case  of  the  confedei'alion  of 
the  liritisli  North  American  Colonies  into  one  (lo\ernment.  tlien 
arrann'cnu'nts  mi<i,ht  be  entered  into  between  tliem  aiul  the  (io\ern- 
ment  of  tlie  United  States  to  lune  o)u>  unifonn  tariff  iipon  all  for- 
ci<jn  (joodx,  and  one  system  of  interiud  rerenne.,  so  that  neitlier 
party  could  smuiruK'  iroods  to  the  otlier  to  anv  advnntaue.  Then 
abollxJi  (ill  Custom  House  Off'ccs  on,  both  sides  of  our  e^etended  fron- 
tier^ itml  Ixivc  trade  and  navigedioji  free  and  imohstrveted  bi'lween 
the  United  States  a>a.l  t/ie  Confederated  Colonies  ef  JiritisJi  Xorth 
Anwriea.  The  t'xpeuses  of  both  countries  Avonid  be  materially  re- 
duced. Their  treasury/  ii-ould  be  replenisJied^  furnisliiny;  them  tiio 
means  to  exti'ud  their  |)ublic  improvements, — and  our  manufac- 
tured ejoods  would  compete  upon  an  equal  looting"  witli  their  own, 
as  an  eejuivaleid  for  their j^i'odurtiems  Jiaving  tJie  lieneft  of  tJie  marJx'- 
ets  ef  the  United  States,  and  secure  to  both  that  freedom  of  trade 
and  navif/ation  so  essential  for  the  mutual  beneft  and  prosj)erit)/  of 
both  coufdries.  Thus  Avhile  tlie  two  governments  would  be  se]»a- 
rate  like  our  State  Governments,  trade  and  co)nmcrcc  voiibl  l-now 
no  dijf'erencebctu^een  thetwo.  That  is  all  the  "annexation  "  they  Avant 
with  us  at  ])resent,  and  we  certaiidy  have  territory  enough  noM'.not 
to  desire  any  more.  Uniform  tarijf  on  foreign  importff,  uniform 
sf/stem  of  i/iternal  revenue,  uniform  security  of  the  rights  of  j>rop- 
crtg,  uniform  si/stem  of  veigJds  and  measures,  u'ifhfree  trade  and 
)iavigation,  might  cover  all  our  difficulties  and  finite  us  as  one  peo- 
ple! bri)ajing  together  in.  harmong  and  good  feeling,  tlie  fags 
of  two  nations,  the  most  eidightened  and  2iou'erfd  on  earth, 
i?do  one  interest,  and  that  one  interest  icordd  be  mutual  p)rotection, 
and  "  reace  and  good  will  towards  men." 


RECIPROCITY. 


Sl'KI^'ir    OK    irOX.   ISKAEL   T.   ITATCIT,    OF   lU'FFALO, 

JX  THE  COMMKIWIAL  COXVKXTIOX.  Jl'LTlU  iso:,. 


Iv(H'ii)i-o('al  trade  with  the  Canadas  and  oilier  Xorlh  jVincricaii 
Uritisli  Provinces  has  received  tlie  sanction  of  the  leading  statesmen 
of  all  t'oi'nier  political  ])arties  in  this  conntry. 

The  lerritor}'  of  the  ]*rovinces  is  extended  on  a  houndary  indented 
with  our  own  across  the  continent.  Climate,  soil  and  the  cost  of 
lahor,  the  main  elements  of  value  in  cereal  j)r<)ductions,  are  nearly 
alike  in  both  conntries.  Tiiese  similitndes  no  doubt  suLi^ested  the 
idea  of  I'eciprocal  trade  and  commerce,  and  the  discussion,  lej^isla- 
tion  and  di])loniacy  of  the  country  linally  i;;ne  it  a  })ractical  a])i»li- 
cation  in  the  adoi)tion  of  the  so-called  ]ieci])rocity  Treaty.  The 
])rincii>le  of  the  treaty  itself  was  to  permit  tlie  interchant>e  of  ])ro- 
ducts  between  the  countries  free  of  duty;  ami  e([nivalent  benetits 
were  expected  to  follow  to  each.  It  was  a  formal  movement  in 
substantial  free  trade.  The  l)elief  entertained  by  an  .\merican  Con- 
gress that  its  s})irit  and  its  substance  had  been  disregarded  by  the 
leading  JJritish  Provinces,  no  doubt  led  to  its  abrogation  by  the  last 
Conu'ress,  and  the  refusal  to  authorize  anv  neii'otiations  for  its  re- 
newal.  The  tfeaty  ex})ires  in  a  few  months  under  the  notice  given 
by  the  President  for  its  termination,  and  our  connnercial  intercourse 
with  Hritish  rrovinces,  so  far  as  the  IJeciprocity  Treaty  aifected  or 
changed  it,  is  again  open  for  discussion  ami  legislation  or  diplomacy. 

A  brief  reference  to  the  history  of  our  commercial  relations  with 
the  Xorth  American  J>rilish  l*rovinees,  and  a  review  of  the  leading- 
features  of  the  statistics  of  trade  with  them  for  the  last  eight  years, 
furnish  the  oidv  safe  "uides  to  conclusions  which  should  govern  the 


48 


action  of  tliis  Coin cntioii.  Tliooxnininntioii  will  dist'losc  L^ricvanccs, 
if  iiiiy  exist,  and  nuitual  explanations,  nia<U'  in  a  fraternal  spirit,  may 
lead  to  llic  ri'nioval  of  the  cause,  and  the  restoration  of  those  tree 
commercial  relations  (so  soon  to  terminate)  ni>on  a  nu)re  endui'ing 
basis. 

The  commerce  between  the  Unite<l  States  and  the  Uritisli  1  Prov- 
inces, I'cviewed  from  the  centi'al  point  njjon  the  chain  of  our  most 
niauiiiticent  inland  seas  where  this  Convention  now  sits,  now  rcM-als 
to  us  the  anomalous  sjiectacle  of  two  boi'dcr  nations  with  an  array 
of  custom-houses  extendiuL;'  alon^:  their  whole  conterminous  fi'on- 
tiers,  sustaine«l  at  an  expense  to  this  (iovei'umcMit  heretofore  exceed- 
iuL!;  the  revenue  they  collect,  Avhose  })rinci])al  occupation  is  to  enter 
an<l  i"e'4ister  the  free  pi'oducts  of  Canada  on  their  way  to  our  free 
markets;  while  on  the  o])posite  shore,  often  separated  from  us  oidy 
by  a  bridge,  a  ferry,  or  a  boundary  line,  is  found  an  e(|U;ill\-  ex- 
tended cordon  of  imperial  customs'  buildinii's,  collecting  lai'ge  rev- 
enues on  our  taxed  ])ro(bu'ts,  as  a  tribute  which  the  uidriendly 
legislation  of  Provincial  Parliaments  has  exacted  from  us  in  ex- 
change for  the  connnercial  freedom  we  ha\'e  granted  to  the  Camnbis. 
These  exactions  have  been  justilied  on  the  ground  that  no  special 
provision  ao-ainst  them  was  inserted  in  the  treatv,  althouii'h  its 
avowed  object  Avas  to  carry  out  the  [)rinci]»le  of  Peciprocity,  and 
"  esneciallv  to  regulate  the  commerce  and  navigation  between  Her 
]N[ajesty's  possessions  in  North  .Vmerica  and  the  P^nited  States  in 
such^a  maimer  as  to  render  the  same  reciprocally  l)enetieial  and  sat- 
isfactory." 

Otlicial  Canadian  reports  show  that  in  'l8o9  the  amount  of  duties 
collected  by  the  Canadas  on  imports  from  the  Ignited  States  Avas  in 
in  1850,  -<?1,825,135;  in  18G0,  !c?l,Vr)0,928,  and  in  1801,  .<^1,584.802. 

During  these  three  years  the  whole  A'alue  of  property  iin])orted  into 
this  country  from  the  Canadas,  upon  Avhich  duty  Avas  levied,  Avas 
only,  in  1859,  ^434,532;  in  1860,  $358,240;  and  in  1801,  $227,859. 
The  average  amount  of  duty  annnally  le\ied  and  collected  on  these 
im])orts,  in  these  three  years,  Avould  probably  not  exceed  $75,000. 

The  average  annual  A'alue  of  property  entering  Canada,  from  the 
United  States,  in  the  eight  years  preceding  1803,  upon  Avhicli  duties 
have  been  imposed,  is  $8,401,481,  Avhile  Canadian  goods  entering 
the  United  States  during  the  same  period  only  \mi(\  duty  on  an 
annual  average  value  of  $407,238. 

It  Avill  thus  be  seen  that  dutA^  is  paid  on  goods  of  the  United 
States  entering  Canada  to  the  average  annual  excess  in  v:duc,  over 
those  of  Canada  entering  tliis  country,  of  $7,934,241. 


40 

Tlie  value  of  free  o'oods  ini|iortt'<l  into  C'anadn,  from  tlic  United 
States,  foi- tlie  last  ein'ht  years,  has  licen  !?7.'{,2ir),(i2;{.  "^riie  e.\])()rt 
of  free  !i;oo(ls  from  the  Canadas  into  the  United  States  for  the  same 
period  has  been  '1>1 15,5  t8,ss().  The  result  has  been  the  exoneration 
from  <luty  of  ijoods  imported  from  Canada  to  the  value  of  ""' 4 '_»,M. '?:!,- 
257  more  than  the  value  of  the  f?oo<ls  imported  from  the  I'nitcil 
States  into   Canada  in  the  (.•iti.ht  vi'ars  which  ha\'<'  bei'U  rclrrrcd  to. 

On  closer  examination  it  will  be  seen  that  a  larLi,e  pi'opoition  of 
tlu'  duty  payinij^  articles  imj)orteil  from  Canada  consist  of  commo- 
dities not  produced  in  that  country.  In  1  S58,  the  dutiable  imjtorta- 
tions  from  Canada  were  only  •^;U;3,95:),  of  which  iron,  hardwai'e 
and  salt  (articles  not  produced  in  Canada  for  ex]»ortation,  in  any 
appreciable  (piantities)  alone  furnished  ^19^,595.  Of  the  remaimh'r, 
a  considei'able  portion  was  also  of  foreign  oi'igin.  ^Vs  the  same 
reas(ining  applies  also  to  other  years,  the  followins:;  tabular  state- 
ment for  the  term  of  four  years,  ending  June  oO,  1850,  is  added  : 

185(1.  IS.")!.  Ls.jS.           IS.')!). 
Total  luiiount  of  dutv-pavinf!;  articles  im- 

IKtrU'd  into  the  U.S.  from  CiUUKlu,....   $(;i0.;j75  $(;!»!. 007  S.'il.'i.D."-.'!  ^aOt.OfiO 

Iron,  lianlware  and  salt, 5(1.'!,;)!).")  ,");il,0U  l'j:},.V.»j       ;m1),.V)5 

Amount  <if  Canadian    and  oilier  goods 

cliar^^cd  with  duties  in  tlH!  U.  S $130,:JSO     $ltiU,OSC.     ^12(i,.'J5S     $155,411 

This  statement  demonstrates  tliat  during  these  years  we  have 
not  collected  annually  duties  on  much  more  than  8100,000  in  v.alue 
of  merchandise  actually  })roduced  in  Canada  ;  which,  contributing 
an  average  duty  of  20  per  cent.  i)roduces  only  825,000  towards  de- 
fravin;:!"  the  inmicnse  yetirly  exi)ense  incident  to  our  cu^ton\-liouse 
system,  along  a  frontier  of  inland  coast  0,000  miles  in  extent. 

The  Canadian  duties  have  been  increased  from  time  to  time  since 
the  adoption  of  the  lveci[)rocity  Treaty ;  and  during  the  live  years 
commencing  in  1855  and  ending  in  1850,  duties  were  exacted  on 
the  declai'cd  value  of  chief  articles  of  consumption,  as  exhil)ited  in 
the  following  table  : 

AUTin-KS.  1855.  1S58.  1857.  1858.  1S59. 

Molasses IC  11  11  18  30  percent. 

Su^-ar.  relined, 32  28  25  2(;^  40  "  "■ 

Su^ar,  other 27J  20  17i  21  oO  "  " 

IJoots  and  shoes, 12|  1-li  20"  21  25  "  " 

Harness 124  17"  20  21  25  "  " 

Cotton  Goods ]2i  VAh  15  15  20  •'  '' 

Iron  C;oods ]2i  1^  15  1(5  20  "  " 

Silk  Goods 12|  Ul  15  17  20  "  " 

Wool  goods, 12|  14  15  IS  20  ''  " 

Almost  every  year  a  new  tarilT  has  been  enacted  in  Canada,  each 


10 


inflicting  liiglicr  duties  upon  the  cliicf  productions  of  Anu'ricnn 
l;il)(»r. 

Tiic  liu-iil'  of  1S59  was  avowedly  liased  upon  an  exclusive  policy. 
It  was  supported  on  this  j^round  aliivc  by  ministerial  orujans  of  the 
press,  hy  pi'titions  in  its  favor,  and  hy  nienil)ers  of  the  C'olonial 
l*ai'Iianient.  -After  seeurinijj  our  free  market  for  all  Canadian  pi'O- 
tluctions,  its  advocates  artj;ued  that  it  Avas  tlie  interest  of  the  Cana- 
dians to  become  ind('pen<lent  of  all  other  countries,  and  to  employ 
their  own  ships  and  tlieir  own  })eoi)lc ;  thus,  to  emi)loy  their  own 
laui^uage,  "  keepint^'  in  the  country  all  that  is  now  i)aid  to  tlic 
United  States." 

No  justilication  for  the  annual  increase  in  these  rates  can  l>e  fomnl 
in  the  assertion  that  the  then  jtrescnt  rates  did  not  exceed  our  own. 
AVlu'u  the  ti'caty  Avas  ratified,  our  tariff  exceeded  theirs,  and  the 
considei'ation  u'iven  to  them  "was  not  an  e(]uality  of  tariffs,  hut  an 
interchang'e  of  the  })roduce  of  both  countries  and  certain  ])rivile_u"es 
in  navin'ation.     A  liberal  policv  towards   our  manufacturers  -was 

•^  J.  » 

promised  and  luid  been  before  adopted;  and  thus  the  commerce  and 
navisjjation  of  the  two  countries,  it  "was  expecte<l,  Avould  be  jdaced 
on  "  terms  reci|>rocallv  beneficial  and  satisfactorv.''  Justice  to  our 
people  demanded  that  future  Canadian  le<^islation  should  conform 
to  the  letter  and  s]>irit  of  the  treaty. 

Certainly  the  s]»irit  of  the  treaty  has  not  been  thus  observed,  and 
the  increase  of  Canadian  duties  has  not  only  affected  our  trade  ami 
commerce  iniuriouslv,  but  the  manner  in  which  they  were  levied 
has  increased  the  burden,  and  now  o})erates  as  a  system  of  differen- 
tial duties  against  us. 

Canada  now  endeavors  to  deprive  us  of  all  the  benefits  of  recip- 
rocal trade  by  levying  duties  on  the  value  of  goods  at  the  ])lace  of 
purchase.  The  peo})le  of  Western  Canada  were  accustomed  to  buy 
their  Avines,  spirits,  groceries,  and  East  and  West  Imlia  i)roduce, 
besides  many  other  commodities,  at  New  York,  Boston  or  .Mon- 
treal. The  former  system  atlmitted  American  cities  to  comi)etition 
— the  duties  having  been  specific  and  levied  on  the  Aveight,  measure, 
or  number  of  articles  Avherever  they  Avere  jmrehased.  Thus  no 
greater  duty  Avas  charged  on  imports,  via  Boston  or  Ncav  York 
to  Toronto  or  Hamilton,  than  via  the  St.  LaAvrence  to  ^Montreal. 
The  ])resent  system  forces  the  pcojile  of  Canada  to  discontinue  their 
business  connections  Avith  our  merchants,  and  buy  from  the  jMon- 
treal  and  Quel)cc  importer.  Thus  the  productions  of  China,  I^razil, 
or  Cul)a,  if  brought  to  Canada  via  the  St.  LaAvrence,  pay  duty  on 
their  value  in  the  country  of  their  origin  ;  but  if  purchased  in  our 


^ 


T)! 


Atlantic  cities,  must  pay  duly  on  that  value  increased  l»y  interest, 
Irei^lit  <)\('i'  the  ocean,  and  tlie  various  other  e.\|»enses  and  char«;'es 
of  tht'  insui'cr,  sliij)|)er  and  nieicliant.  This  is  not  oidy  le,i;ishition 
au'ainst  our  carriers,  but  ajjrainst  all  our  mercantile  interests.  The 
"•iniM'i'ase  of  dutv"  has  l>ccn  cai'ct'ullv  estimated  to  he  L'o  per  cent, 
on  M-nods  imported  into  the  TiiiU'd  States  and  thence  into  Canada, 
in  excess  of  the  duties  levied  u[)on  g'oods  carried  via  3Ionti-eal.  Tiie 
distances  from  Chdja  to  Toronto,  via  the  St.  Lawrence,  (a  river 
closed  half  the  year)  is  about  thi-ee  times  as  oreat  as  throuu,h  the 
Unite(l  States.  Thus  Canada  vaiidy  strives  to  conijuer  the  laws  ol' 
arithmetic,  climate  and  sj^con-raphy. 

"^riie  connnittee  appointed  by  the  Canadian  TA'L;islative  Assembly 
in  iSoT),  unhesitatinjjfly  atlirni  in  their  vejioi't  (p.  ;]),  "  tliat  the  St. 
Lawi'ence  canals  were  constructed  at  .'i  lar2;o  ])ublic  expenditure, 
Ibr  the  pur|)ose  of  drawinn"  the  trade  of  the  Western  States  to  the 
]>orts  ot'  ^Montreal  and  (^U(d)ec," 

The  j)e()ple  of  the  United  States  ai'e  entitled  under  the  treaty  to 
use  till'  ri\-er  St.  Ijawreiict'  and  the  canals  in  Canada,  as  the  "jiieans 
of  coniniunicating  between  the  n'reat  lakes  and  the  .\tlantic  ocean, 
subject  only  to  the  same  tolls  ami  other  assessments  as  now  are,  or 
may  hei-eafter  be  exacted  of  her  ^lajesty's  subjects."  (See  Article 
4  of  Treaty). 

IJut  as  we  arc  the  chief  carriers  tlirouii;!!  the  Welland  canal  of 
wheat,  Hour  and  coi-n — almost  the  oidv  lreii>;ht  of  our  vessels  bv 
this  route — a  discrimination  against   us  is  made  l)y  inn)0sin^   ihe 
same  tolls  on  these  artick's  on  their  passage  through  the  canal,  (a 
■work  '2S  miles  in  lenii'th  and  forming  the  only  means  of  communi- 
cation  tor  lake  vessels  l)etween  the  ui)per  and  lower  lakes),  as  if 
they  passed  through  the  Canadian  canals.     Yet  Ave  carry  25  tons  i- 
on  the  Welland  canal  lor  every  single  ton  avc  carry  on  the  others. 
If  the  cargo  is  not  delivered  to  an  American  port,  but  delivered 
to  a  Canadian  port,  the  ship}>er  u[)on  the  presentation   of  an  ofli- 
cial   certilicate    of  the    latter  fact    to  the    custom-house  officer    at 
Tort  Colborne,  receives  ;i  draw-back  of  90  per  cent,  upon  the  tolls 
l»aid  upon  his  cargo. 

Exports  of  American  goods  to  Canada  show  ii  marked  decline 
during  these  eight  years,  falling  from  86,V90,.3.33  in  l.'^.")4,  and 
$8,750,000  in  1855,  to  81,500,397  in  1802,  and  81,408,113  in  1803. 
It  is  thus  demonstrated  that  tlie  Canadian  supi)ly  of  foreign  goods 
is  no  longer  purchased  in  the  importing  cities  of  the  United 
States,  as  before  the  treaty.  The  statistics  of  bonded  goods  enter- 
ing Canada  cunlirni  this  proof,  and  establish  the  fact  that  the 
-i 


52 


forcii^n    sMpnUcs    of  llu'  coldiiii'S    lU'i'   |>riii('ii>:illy   imsscd   ilnun.^li 
rorthnd. 

Altlioiii;li  no  (lutit's  !iV(>\vt'(lly  discritniiiMtiii^:  :u"c'  1('\  icd  on  Ainci'- 
ioan  i:;oo(ls,  tlic  infhuMK'o  of  tlic  |»rovinci;il  tarilf  iirodiiccs  the  sanio 
t.'rt'cft,  for  tilt'  nmiiiif;K'tiii'('s  most  rcjulily  .'Kloptcd  liy  (^in.'wla  must 
1)(!  like  our  own.  'I'lic  dimatt',  price  of  materials,  interest  on  mo- 
ney, watjjes  of  laltor,  and  various  causes,  determining  the  kind  and 
iirices  of  manufacitures  o.i  lioth  sides  of  the  fi'ontii'r  art^  nearly  iden- 
tical, when  no  legislation  intei'venes  to  arrest  or  alter  the  laws  of 
trade. 

If  thi'si' views  in  vdation  to  the  injurious  effects  caused  1>\  the 
charges  in  levyiuij^  duties  u)>on  our  trade  and  commerce  needoil 
conlirmation,  it  can  l»e  found  in  the  arLTunu'iits  and  expectations  of 
the  authors  of  those  chanu'es. 

.Mr.  (ialt,  linance  minister  of  Canada,  in  his  re])ort  of  .March  1, 
18G(»,  at  page  JiU,  states  as  i'ollows  : 

•>  By  cxft'ndiiij]:  llio  ad  i-(ihirn»  priiicij)lo  to  all  hnpf>rti\tinn«  and  tlu'ic'iy  oiu'dui'- 
apiiifi:  and  (U'volopiiij!;  tlie  direct  trade  iM'twccn  Canada  and  all  t'orci;,'!!  oounlrii's  by 
sea.  and  so  I'lir  licnt'lilini!;  tlic  sliijii/nnj  iiihrcsts  nf  <Jniit  ^)ritiii)i  -an  ulijcct  wliicli  is 
])iutly  obtained  throngii  l\w  duties  bein;,'  talvcn  upon  tlio  value  in  the  maikel  wlicro 
last  bou^lit — liie  levy  ofspecitic  duties  lor  several  years  bad  completely  diverted  the 
trade  of  Canada  in  teas,  suj^'ars,  etc..  to  tlu'  American  markets,  (our  Atlantic  cities), 
and  bad  destroye({  a  very  valuable  trade  which  formerly  existed  IVom  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  the  lower  province's  and  West  Indies.  It  '.vas  believed  that  the  cnnipetilion 
of  our  canals  and  railroad  systems,  (via  Portlai'd).  lojrether  with  the  improvements 
in  the  navij^ation  of  the  Lower  St.  Lawi'enee,  juslilied  tluf  belief  that  the  supply  of 
Canadian  wants  miyht  be  once  more  nnuU'  by  sea,  and  the  benefits  of  this  commerce 
obtained  for  our  own  merchants  and  foi'warders.  t'nder  this  conviction  it  \\as  de- 
termined l)y  the  jfovernment  to  ai)ply  the  priaciplos  of  ad  valorem  duties." 

At  page  38  ho  adds  : 

'•Any  duty  which  has  been  ])laced  on  Enjrlish  {^oods  is  quite  ind<'mnitied  by  tlio 
decreased  costs  at  which  our  canals,  railways,  and  steamshijis  eiuiblc  them  vow  to  lie 
deliveied  throughout  the  jjrovince,  an<l  that  d'  the  (piestion  were  one  of  coiujielilion 
with  Canadian  manufacturers  (ho  Knglish  exporter  is  cpiite  as  well  off  as  before, 
while  as  compared  with  the  American  his  position  is  greatly  improved." 

The  history  of  the  increase  of  taxation  on  American  nuinufac- 
tures  will  disclose  the  fact — (as  is  asserted  by  the  organs  of  the 
government)  —  that  the  increase  was  made  necessary  by  Caiui- 
dian  expenditure  in  carrying  out  their  system  of  internal  iiii}»rove- 
ments.  Tint  a  large  amount  has  been  thus  expended  is  sliowu  by 
the  following  quotation  from  tlic  Ivcport  of  the  Select  Committee 
appointed  in  1858,  by  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  Canada,  to  in- 
(piire  into  the  course  of  trade  between  the  different  Atlantic  ports 
in  America  and  Great  Britain,  etc.,  (p.  3) : 

"  The  public  debt  of  Canada  has  increased  from  year  to  year  to  about  fifty  millions 
of  dollars,  twenty-live  millions  of  which  have  been  created  since  L^o.'i,  princi])ally  in 
the  construction  of  railways  yielding  no  income."     (See  public  accounts,  l.siJT,  p.  223). 


' 


she 
add 
the 
bee 


53 


u'j:\\ 


■■( 


]Mr.  (fiilt,  iti  fi  ivport  issiu'd  l»y  liini  in  Enirl.iiKl  in  support  of  a 
Canadian  ministci-ial  sflu'inc,  admits  tlu'  insutlicit'ncy  of  the  coni- 
nicrcc  of  Canada  to  support  Iut  pultlic  wcuks,  and  <-'Xj)r('ssly  states 
tliat,  whilst  possi'ssiiiix  llic  most  niaLCniticcnt  canals  in  the  \\oiId, 
she  is  "  without  any  trade  to  support  thcin,  except  her  own,"  and 
athlinuf  that  the  canals  of  Canada  have  I'ailed  to  divei't  trade  from 
the  channels  it  had  alreadv  formed;  a  system  of  railroads  had  also 
been  constructed  for  the  pm-pose  of  competiniLj  with  American  in- 
terests. (See  rep(M-t  i-ntilled  "Canada,  ]M!>  to  I8r»l»,  hy  lion.  A. 
T.  Calt,  Finance  Minister  of  Canada,  iHO(i).  lie  tlieiM.rot'e»'ds  to 
state  that,  after  deducting  a  sinkinj^  fund  for  tin  '^^  ,nptloii  ot 
the  imperial  guarantee*!  loan,  the  direct  public  del»;  ■  "  e  I'rovince 
amomits  to  l's,8H4,(;72,  or  !?t:{,()()l,S12  ;  addinir,  that  of  this  sum, 
di'bts  incurred  in  conse<|uence  of  the  canals  and  (Hlter  works  con- 
nected with  the  navii^ation  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  an<l  railway  a<l- 
vances,  iurnish  £S,.s01,f()0,  leavin<;f  only  i'2'-!,272,  or  ^1()7,7'.>0,  as 
the  total  direct  debt  of  Canada  made  for  any  other  purposes. 

These  larjjje  Canadian  expenditures  in  the  construction  of  railroads 
and  ship  canals,  were  not  made  for  their  local  ti'atlic,  as  will  be  seen 
from  ministerial  statements,  btit  to  compete  ^\  ith  our  carry iuij:  sys- 
tems in  the  transportation  of  property  from  the  West  to  theseaboaid. 

To  (dos(^  these  canals  to  our  vessels  Avould  not  only  l)e  :m  act  ol 
lolly  on  the  part  of  Canada,  but  would  be  contrary  to  the  objects 
of  their  ( cation.  The  State  of  New  York  mi^ht  Avith  more  wis- 
dom eb)se  tlie  Erie  canal  aufainst  the  connnercx'  of  the  \Veslern 
Stales.  'J'hat  canal  passes  throu'^li  the  central  j)ortion  of  a  State 
j)ossessing  mucli  larirer  ]>opulation  than  Canada,  and  fr<^m  thence 
derives  immense  local  ti'alHc  for  its  sui»port,  while  tlu'  canals  of 
Canada  arc  lateral  and  depend  almost  entirely  upon  the  conunerce 
of  the  Ignited  States. 

Oi'  nearly  all  the  articles  named  in  the  treaty  a  surjtlus  is  com- 
mon to  botii  countries  ;  aiul  \vv  have  an  abundant  supply  and  a  sur- 
l)lus  for  export  of  every  article  named  in  it. 

Canada  has  no  crop  so  cheap  and  }>roHtable  for  various  manufac- 
turing and  other  pur})Oscs  as  the  corn  bought  from  us,  which  was 
admitted  free  before  the  treaty.  AViieat,  the  stajde  cro})  and  chief 
ex})ort  of  Canada,  Avas  also  admitted  free  before  the  treaty  for  the 
benefit  of  Canadian  millers  and  shi})owners. 

For  other  grains,  barley,  rye,  oats,  animals,  etc.,  we  furnished  for 
Canada  the  only  market  worthy  of  mention. 

The  Western  States  liad  from  an  early  day  looked  upon  the  free 
navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence  as  afibrding  a  natural  and  cheap 
outlet  for  their  products  ;  and  believed  that  benefits  arising  from 


")-! 


tlu'  coiiccssioii  o['  tilis  ii;iiiMn;il  ]»ri\  ili'L;"t',  m<»m](I  incri'  tlinii  conntiT- 
h.ilniicc  niiv  im'idt'iital  iniiii'ii's  lo  oIIut  iiilcrcsts. 

Sir  II.  !..  Uiilwrr,  :i  loniu'i-  !>rili^li  Miiii'^tiT  lo  tliis  couiilrv,  -aWov 
vvr^s'iw'j;  oil  our  ;it t ciil ion  the  s]iirit  r\  iiiri'(l  \>y  (':iii:i(l:i  towai'ds  our 
inauut'act  urcrs,  aii'l  |troiuisiii<.';  on  lu'liall'  ot'  llic  ("auail'an  (!o\(M'n- 
incnl  to  caiTv  a  lilu'val  jiolicy  out  still  I'uimIum',  ju't'scnltMl  t!u'  tVcr 
na\  iuatio;!  «.!"  tlic  St.  l,a\\  rcuci',  \\  itli  tin-  :ulioininu'  canals,  as  tlu' 
con^iilri'ation  to  Ik'  ]>ai(l  I>y  that  I'rovinci'  lor  tho  \'yvc  intiM'chanu'<' 
ol'  all  natural  pi'otlui't ions  A\ilh  us,  .ami  tor  the  na\i>4ati(Ui  o\'  \.:\\<o 
!Mi('hi'j,an.  'Phi'  proNisions  ot"  the  1  {I'l-ipr*  rit y  Tri'aty  we're  compi'i'- 
hi'usixt',  and  included  ;i  satisjactory  s.ilntion  ol"  tlu'  |>er|ih'\it  ies 
then  cKisiino-  in  r'  :ard  to  all  the  eonipi.'i'cia!  ri'Iations  hetwi'cu  this 
count  ry  and  the  I'i'on  inces. 

Olhcial  ri'poi'ts  t'roiu  oui'  torei^'u  and  domestic  coiunuM'ce  i;'i\('s  us 
tlie  nuinhei"  o['  clearances  tVoni  Western  jiori,  to  loreiL''n  [lorts  lor 
the  last  eii^'ht  years.  It,  and  the  uuniln'r  ot"  em  ranci-s  ■;•_'.  In  1  SCi;! 
only  one  vessel  cleai'ed  ami  enti'iH'd,  so  tliat  tlu'  concession  ol"  the 
free  na\  ii^'.it ion  ot"  the  St.  Law  rence  practically  has  proved  not  wor- 
thy ol"  consider;; '  ion.  Thi'  co-operatiu';' t'll'orts  ot"  the  t  wo  l!."o\  eiai- 
ments  havi'  been  unawailinn'  in  making  it  .an  outw.ard  channel  to  the 
o(H'an  in  j)ret"erence  to  the  canals,  lakes  and  railroatls  ol'  the  I'nited 
Siati's. 

To  contrast  the  pi'iviU'U'es,  the  Kniteil  St.ates  had  hoped  toii,'ain  in 
e\ch;in!4"e  Tor  the  Tree  na\iuation  ol"  L.ike  ^lichii^'an  the  I'ree  navi^■;l- 
tion  of  tlu'  St.  Lawrence:  wilh  \]\v  substantial  athantai^'es  dc!'l\t'd 
t'rom  our  concession  in  this  particulai',  it  is  only  nect'ssary  to  state 
tlie  shi|iinents  from  one  ]>orl,  on  Lake  MichiL-jan,  ("hicauD,  to  i.'an;i- 
dian  jhuMs  in  I  Sii-J. 

Tlu' shipments  from  ('hica>j,'o  for  isil:,'  to  Canadian  ports  wore: 
Flour,  I  •-'(), .Ml  hari'els;  w  heat,  ;!,0!)S,  !•_' I  hushels  :  c(U-n,  tl,(K)."),(i('.l 
bushels;  oat  s,  1  ST, ■_'.')•_'  bushels:  rye,  L'()0,(;.Mt  l)nsliels;  barley,  7  I  ,'•»  I ',1 
bushels,  I'cachin^  in  estimated  .amount  about  one  cpi.'irter  of  the 
total  expoi'l  (if  these  commodities  toCan.ada  from  Lake  31ichiu'an. 

The  aid  of  fort'ii;-ii  and  ri\;d  lines  of  trans|(oi-t;ition,  enleriuL;- 
within  oui-  tt'rritory,  no  doubt  li.as  cheapeiu'd  freii^hls,  I)iil  it  A\ell 
may  be  (pu'stioned  wiietlier  tlu'  loss  to  (uir  carriers  has  inured  to 
the  ,ad\antage  of  the  Anierii-an  producer.  The  \alue  of  the  crop  at- 
home  is  actually  established  in  its  ultim.ate  luarki't,  and  the  addeil 
supply  (U'ri\('d  from  Canadian  jiroduction  must  most  matei'ially  de- 
crease pi"ices. 

Our  intercourse  with  Canada  has  been  ch.arai'teri/.ed  upon  our 
part  by  an  amount  of  liberality  and  forbearance  thai  is  rarely  ex- 
hibiti'd  l>v  one  neighbor  in  ti'  nation  to  another. 


i)t) 


Iter 


It  was  I'liactc'd  l)y  C'diiuTc^s.  Mai'cli  ;!,  isiT,  that  "iKt  L';tMHls  ■~lial! 
1)1'  iiii|Hnic(l  tVoiii  (iiir  |K»rt  ill  tlic  rnilnl  States  to  aiidtlirr  |Mirl  »•!' 
tlu'  I'liitrd  States,  In  a  \  essel  lK'l(iii_uin_u'  w  lidlly  or  in  part  to  a  sul»- 
ject  ot"  a  t'oreiu'ii  powiT,"' 

\\'Iiilsl  tlu"  I'liitnl  States  has  lu'ohihited  t  he  t  raiis|iortaiioii  in  for- 
eiun  \essi'ls  iVom  one  .\uierieaii  poiM  to  another,  it  lias  iieianilled 
Canadian  railroads  It)  1  r;ins|i()i't  ]iro|)eity  iVoni  oiu'  AiiU'iiean  port 
to  another  across  their  territory.  allhoni;h  tiiis  nioije  ol'  t  ransjn  sta- 
tion is  in  inanifest  ri\alry  with  t  he  laiterini-t',  la'mr  and  eapital  ol' 
our  eit  i/.eiis. 

All  oilier  means  ot'  transportation  in  the  slriin'^ie  (o  eonii-i"!  (he 
inland  carrying  tratU'  ol"  oiir  eonntry,  are  ol'  minor  eharacler  eoiii- 
pareil  with  tlu'  Li,iuantie  elVorts  ol"  the  ( irand  'I'ruiilx.  1  {ail  road,  owned 
hy  IJrilish  capitalists.  This  ro.id  is  oiu'  ol"  t  he  mx'atest  works  of 
modern  enterprise,  h'ew  e(|iial  it  in  inaunil  iide  or  im|)oi'taiice.  It 
iH'aches  rrom  ;in  .Vnierican  port  on  the  .\llaiitie  ocean  through  sub- 
sidized Aiiu'rican  raili'onds,  to  tlu'  \  I'ry  centre  of  the  ^rain  u'row  iiiL;' 
reu'ions  in  the  \  alleys  ol'  our  lakes  and  trilnitary  I'ixeis  ;  and  is  (o- 
daw  and  n|)on  our  soil,  the  most  powerful  conipt'titor  w  ith  all  oiir  \  ari- 
oiis  (  arryin;;' systems  for  the  siipreni.acy  oxer  our  inland  conimerce. 

'I'he  recent  moNeiiieiit  in  (ire:it  lirilain  !o  aid  in  w  idenin>4  •"•'id 
dci'pi'ninL;'  the  ( 'anadian  canals,  I'oi- the  j:assan'e  of  slii|)s  of  tlu'  lai'u'esl 
burden  to  our  inland  seas,  and  tlu'  re\i\ai  of  (he  |)roiec(  of  an  inler- 
coloni.d  I'ailroad,  cannot  lia\e  esca|ied  the  atteiitiun  of  our  people, 
ai'd  are  di'ser\  iiiii,'  of  liie  u'l'av  I'st  consideration.  In  iS.iS,  said  .Mr. 
Ivot'htick  in  I'arliainciit  : 

"'riit'  pn'sciit  sl;i((>  III'  llic  N'mlli  Anirricaii  <'(inliiii'iil  was  i\  iiiiiltcr  d'  i^rcit  iiilcr- 
csl  In  l']ii!:.!.ni(l.  'I'lic  smulu'i'ii  and  nmsi  iii)|i(iri:iMl  iioiiinii  l)cliiii^«-<l  In  ilic  I  niii'il 
Slates  (if  Aiiii'i-ica.  wliicli  rail  iip  In  w  lieic  llicv  iin-t  liic  tlniiiiiiidii  ol  Mimiaiul,  w  iiicli 
slrclclii'il  rmiii  llii'  Allaiilii-  Id  iIic  i'acilic.  Ilim'lainl  ikism'ssimI  1Iii>  larger  pari  u|'  lln' 
fiiii!iiiciil,  which  |irnci'('(li'il  iiorihw  aid  iiiilil  il  rfachi'ij,  ii|kiii  ils  wi'stcrii  I'loiilifr,  lia- 
tci  riliiiy  lichMi^iiiLT  ti)  liiis-ia.  We  hcicinlurt'  had  plaiitril  cdldiiics  in  liic  Muiilicrn 
«livisinii  ihal  he  liiul  iiaiiicd.  We  had  |iiaiil('d  Ihirlccii  fnioiiic^  in  ilial  (•(Hiiilry  ; 
lliiisc  I'lil'iiiit's  iiad  (Icidaii'd  llicir  iiidcpt'iult'iicc.  and  liad  ^iiicc  iiicii'aM'd  lo  (hi-  iiiim- 
licr  III'  lliiily-livc  or  liiirly-si\  IVcc  Slaics.  \\ C  had  rrcalcd  a  pnwcr  iIhtc  w  Ifu  ii.  if 
SDIlielliiil;;-  WCl't'  llul  <liini'  liv  I'limiaild.  as  a.  (■(HllllcilMiisc  In  llic  I '  llilcd  ."^latcs  t)| 
,\nn'iiia.  il  wniild  nvt'ishaddw  imi  only  liiinlaiid,  liul  ilu'  cailli.  lie  in'licvcd  Ihal. 
ill  llic  Nniihi'in  pari  t>l'  Ihc  ( 'iinliiiciil..  \\f  had  Ihe  nicaiis  of  I'^lalili.-iiiiiu  llie  I'oiiiilrr- 
jioiM-  w  liicli  ill'  soiiulil." 

"  Takiii'a'  lilt'  \Vi'>lt'in  side  uf  l,ai\i'  Sn|ifriiir  to  Ihc  KticivV  Moinilains.  Ijn'v  Udiild 
oiil  llic  iifw  fiihiiiy  w  liii'li  Ihc  K'i^iil  I  Iniioraiiic  Sfcrt'laiy  fur  Ihc  ( 'ninnies  pmpn^i'd 
t,(»  >'sial)lisli,  ami  he  ht'licvcd  plans  had  Ix'cii  laid  hi'lni'f  liu^  Ki;j;li(  llniinralilc  l!arniifl 
I'nr  I'li'i'viiii;'  a  railwiiy  I'umplt'lcly  armss  ihc  ( "niiliiii'iil,  so  ihal  a  iliic'l  fiMiiiiiiiiiica- 
tinii  Wiiiild  he  cdaltlislii'il  liclwi'i'ii  i;ii;;!aiid  and  N'aiirniivcr's  l-laiid,  hy  \va\  nf 
Halifax." 

This  w  as  a  m.aunilicent  scheme. 

" 'I'lic  accninplishnitMit  of  siirh  a  si'licnic  would  iiiiilc  lliii^laiid  willi  X'aiicniivcr's 
Island,  with  ("liina.  ami  lln-y  wniild  lie  fiiahli'd  widely  In  exii'iid  lln-  cIn  ili/alinii  id 
i'ln^l.ind.  W'lit'ii  hi'  rcfcrii'd  In  llit-  ri\  ili/.ilinii  of  I'iiiLjIaml,  he  wished  il  in  he  eniii- 
|iai('d  willi  Ihc  civili/alioii  of  .\ineiit'a.  ami  he  woultl  hnldly  as.sert  Ihal  the  ci\  ilizii- 
tion  of  iJii'laiid  was  !;it'a(er  lliaii  that  of  .Vinerica." 


56 


The  Colonial  Socrotavv,  Sir  E.  !>.  Lvtton,  in  the  same  cldjato  ad- 
(led,  that  this  ]>roj('c't  would  be  "  an  essential  arch,  as  it  were,  to 
that  n-reat  viaduct  1)V  which  we  ho])e  one  day  to  connect  the  harbors 
of  Vancouver  with  the  Gviif  of  St.  Lawrence."  These  ambitious 
views  have,  in  late  years,  been  expressed  from  time  to  time  by  l>rit- 
ish  statesmen,  and  certainly  are  not  I'eferred  to  here  to  awaken  any 
traditional  ])reju(lices,  but  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  there  is 
an  attempt  to  give  them  a  practical  application  upon  this  continent, 
recently  shadowed  forth  in  the  negotiations  of  the  15ritisli  North 
American  Provinces  Avith  (4reat  ]5ritain. 

The  })ast  history  of  Great  l>ritain  leaves  no  room  to  doubt,  as  to 
the  attem]>ted  consummation  of  any  scheme  for  the  extension  of  her 
im]>erial  sway;  for  no  })ower  in  the  earth  or  on  the  earth,  material, 
physical  or  elemental,  has  ever  arrested  the  march  of  her  en'jire 
around  the  globe.  She  se(d<s  to  grasp  in  the  North  the  great  com- 
mercial prize  of  the  age:  supremacy  over  the  inland  connii'U'ce  of 
the  North  American  continent.  This  gigantic  rivalry  is  Avorthy  of 
imperial  and)ition,  for  our  artificial  and  water  lines  of  transportation 
now  almost  extend  into  the  centre  of  this  continent,  and  so(>ii  must 
be  connected  by  railroads  with  the  Pacific.  Over  these  transit  lines 
are  now  passing  the  industrial  and  agricultural  Avealtli  of  the  West 
to  the  seaboard,  and  Americai;  and  European  emigration  fi'om  the 
dense  pojudation  of  the  East  towards  the  Pacific.  They  lie,  too, 
between  these  i)arallels  of  latitude  in  Avhich  the  human  race  is  ever 
moving  in  its  exodus  from  the  East  to  the  West. 

The  extraordinary  commercial  stru<2:<>le  now  o-oinfr  on  betAVcen 
ourselves  and  our  colonial  neighbors,  must  end  in  colossal  consoli- 
dation of  American  capital  and  enterprise,  in  some  degree  equalling 
theirs,  or  the  field  must  be  abandoned  to  a  foreign  rival. 

The  whole  modern  system  of  Canadian-British  internal  improA"e- 
ments  oi'iginated  in  the  freedom  coiu'eded  to  the  trade  and  commerce 
Itet  ween  the  two  countries  by  the  adoi)tion  of  the  Peciprocit}  Treaty. 
Without  such  concessions  British  cajiital  never  Avould  have  found 
investments  in  such  immense  Avorks,  nor  could  those  Avorks  to-day 
find  anything  like  adeiiuate  support,  exce])t  n]»on  the  basis  of  our 
bonded  system,  and  the  liberal  exercise  of  oiHcial  authority  under 
the  act  of  1700,  and  the  Avarehousing  act  of  1854,  (and  certainly  un- 
der the  most  liberal  construction  of  the  act  of  1700),  permitting  tho 
transit  of  foreigi^  and  domestic  goods  lirst  through  our  territory, 
then  through  Canada,  and  .after >vards  to  their  ultimate  destination 
in  this  country.  The  law  of  1790  Avas  enacted  at  a  time  Avhen  its 
framers  could  not  have  foreseen  any  such  apj)lication  of  its  authority 
as  to  permit  the  productions  of  American  origin  to  be  taken  from 


ar[. 
to 


fl( 


57 


ad- 
to 

ors 

)US 

rit- 
iny 
is 
lit, 
•til 


/I' 


)!( 


one  st'ction  of  llio  Ignited  States  tliroiiii-li  a  iorciuii  coiiiitrv,  1»\'  I'ur- 
ei.un  means,  to  another  section  of  the  United  States,  (hit y  fret-. 

Xo  wise  or  even  national  jjoliey  ]iernii  such  foi'eiyn  rivalry.  I'he 
argument  seeking  to  sustain  it  Avould  iin«  its  ])aralh'l  in  an  attempt 
to  defend  the  course  v.hich  throuuh  the  nast  vears  has  driven  our 
ships  from  the  seas  and  surrendered  into  alien  hands  tlii'ee-<inartei's 
i)f  that  foreign  trade,  once  so  much  the  ohject  of  our  national  pride. 

The  trade  of  the  United  States  with  other  North  Amei'lcaii  lirit- 
ish  Ui'ovinces  than  Canada,  is  upon  more  favorable  terms,  but  in 
amount  is  of  minor  imj)ortance  compared  with  the  trade  of  the  lat- 
ter. Our  exports  to  those  other  i)rovinees  are  madi'  uj)  of  wheat, 
flour,  Indian  corn,  coi'u  meal  and  rye.  The  fisheries  of  the  coast 
provinces  furnish  a  natural  market  for  our  provisions  and  breadstuifs, 
which  can  never  be  su]>i)lied  so  chea[>ly  from  Canada  as  tln'  Uniteil 
States.  ^lost  of  those  articles,  if  not  all,  are  necessitit's  of  jiiovin- 
cial  consumption,  and  many  of  them  were  admitted  (as  they  were 
into  Canada)  free  from  duty  b.'fore  the  adoption  of  the  IJeciitroeity 
Treaty. 

The  imports  of  these  sniallcr  provinces  to  tlie  I'nited  States,  are 
maiidy  made  up  of  coal,  lumber  ami  tisli.  The  coal  conies  directly 
in  com})Ctition  in  our  market  with  the  }>ro(lucts  of  the  coal  mines 
of  Pennsylvania  and  ^[aryland;  and  the  lumber,  with  the  lumber  of 
INlaine,  ^Michigan  ami  New  York.  The  })roduct  of  the  mine  must 
become,  on  both  sides,  a  ra})idly  increasing  class  of  our  exchanges. 
Ilitiierto  the  balance  has  been  much  in  our  favor.  Extensive  regions, 
rich  in  mineral  wcaltli,  exist  in  Canada  West;  but  her  geological 
formations  are  destitute  of  coal,  and,  as  the  forests  are  cleared  away, 
an  incalculable  amoimt  of  fuel  from  the  limitless  coal  flelds  on  the 
south  side  of  lake;  Erie  will  l)c  required  in  her  northei'n  clinuite. 
The  coal  of  Ohio,  Northern  Virginia,  and  Pennsylvani,',,  su[)j  lies 
advantageously  the  means  of  smelting  the  ores  of  Canada  ^V  est.  It 
will  iM  ver  l)e  politic,  nor  Avill  it  scarcely  be  jiossible,  [or  the  go\erM- 
mcnt  of  Canada  again  to  tax  this  indis])ensable  nece.-sjivy  of  life;  and 
if  "he  treaty  expires,  Canada  would  yet  be  compelled  to  buy  it  froni 
us  in  increasing  (piantities.  Its  abundance  in  our  territory,  and  its 
absence  in  the  geological  formatioris  of  Canada  West,  exhibit  in  the 
greatest  degree,  a  luitural  adaptation  to  the  system  of  reciprocal 
benefits. 

The  average  annual  value  of  imports  from  these  provinces,  i>aying 
duty  for  the  eight. years  during  the  operation  of  the  Keciprocity 
Treaty,  M'as  !i;210,l72,  while  for  the  five  years  preceding,  the  average 
annual  value  ])aying  duty  was  S!«l, 75 1,000. 

Upon  the  fishery  question,  New  England  authority  must  be  re- 


58 


i;":ir(kMl  as  most  rcliaLlo.    Tlic  Hon.  ]\[r.  ^fon'ill,  INI.  C,  iVoin  one  of  tlie 
Xew  KMu'land  Siatus,  and  amoii-j;  the  al)lust  of  lier  pubru;  iiu-ii,  says, 

••To  'i'o  liiK'k  to  tlic  treaty  of  ls|s,  as  tlio  worst  possibilily  tliat  iniL;lii  liajiiicn. 
would  siil>jrcl  Aiiicricaii  lislicniieii  tu  llio  iiicoiivcniriu'o  ol'  kcciiiiiir  oil' ilircc  iiiariiio 
lii  -'s  iVoiu  shores  to  wliich  tliat  treaty  </i\on  us  no  ])."ivile.nes,  leadiiiif  to  occasional 
(lis|)iitcs.  and  niiulit  prove  an  injury  t)  tiie  niackarel  (islieries  ;  hut  these  evils  are  not 
wiioiiy  iiisimnouiital)le  lUid  by  no  means  oltiie  \vei,i;lit  of  the  j;-eneral  consideralions 
exacted  of  lis  as  ei|ni\ah'nls.  These  would  lie  tlie  piojier  siiliiects  for  treaties,  and 
wouiil  lie  reailjiistel  in  some  sul)se<[uent  convi'iilioii.  Jt  is  no  l(jnj;('r  doiililful  that 
onr  lisliernn'ii  hise  more  by  tlu'  free  admission  of  lis!i  fr  in  the  provinces  than  they 
>rain  from  the  privilej!;e  of  tishinir  inside  of  the  lineof  llu'ee  miles  from  certain  sliores. 
When  tile  catch  is  siiort  tliey  maiie  iiolliiui^.  and  wlieii  abundant  llio  jiliil  from  pio- 
vincial  compeiitioa  steps  in  lietw<'en  them  and  all  le.^itimate  prulit-i.  JU'sides,  near- 
shore  lishermen  lose  their  hardiiu'ss  ami  become  iillers.  1'hus  our  jieople.  rt'innviied 
for  their  iiptitude  and  success  in  securing  *  the  wealth  of  the  seas,'  behold  their  vm- 
pire  passing  to  the  hands  of  strangers."' 

Jii  prc'se'iititiL^  this  siimniary  of  the  results  of  eoiniiicreial  inter- 
course with  the  JJfitisli  North  ^Vinerii-aii  Proviiiees,  the  exiiibit  of 
iiiiiioi-  details  lias  been  omitted.  Tlie  onlv  ohiei-  h;is  heeii  to  Lriiio' 
before  the  jieojiK'  of  neio'hbofiiiii"  eotmlries,  tlie  j-^i'cise  st.-ile  of  our 
]);ist  and  present  commercial  relations  to  each  other  and  exhibit 
fairly,  thonu'Ii  brietlv,  the  advant.-iu'es  and  disadvantaires  resultiii<>'  to 
eat'h,  under  the  treaty  :iml  laws  -which  now  _!.>'o\'eni  their  intercourse. 
The  proximity  ;ind  natural  adaptation  of  the  United  States  and  the 
IJrilish  Xorth  .Vmerican  J*ro\inces  to  ijive  and  receive  reciprocal 
l)enefits,  easily  and  without  humiliation  conferred  by  iieiohbors  on 
etich  other,  liave  lono-  been  i-eco<ji;ni/,ed  by  American  and  IJritv  ii 
statesmtmshij).  Gre.'it  Britain  has  expressed  no  otlicial  desire  for 
the  pi'olonu'ation  of  the  so-called  l{ecij)rocily  Tretity. 

The  committee  on  commerce  made  a  "very  el.-iborate  re])ort  in  our 
House  of  Kepresenlatives  on  the  Reciprocity  Treaty,  (T'ebruary  5, 
1802,)  wherein  the\'  :irii'ued  thtit  the  o'rave  faults  already  develoned 
in  the  treaty  should  be  ren)edied  by  :i  u'reater  extension  of  the  same 
system,  even  to  the  extent  of  the  (icrmaii  ZolUcrein. 

It  woidd  seem  from  the  Canadian  rei)ly,  that  too  much  reciprocity 


was  regarded  as  a  "  dauii'erous  thi. 


'g'- 


Our  oilers  Avere  ;iltoii'ether 


too  lii)eral,  :ind  .A[r.  (xalt,  in  a  report  upon  the  action  of  tlic  commit- 
tee of  our  House  of  Kepresentalives  u[»on  the  l{eci])rocity  Treaty, 
made  to  the  Governor  General  in  ISiiii,  disposes  of  the  proposition 
as  ibllows : 

'*  The  luidersigmnl  can  have  no  hesitation  in  stating  to  your  Excellency  that,  in 
his  opinion,  the  project  of  an  American  Zollverein,  to  wliich  the  British  I'lovinces 
should  become  parties,  is  one  wholly  inconsistent  with  the  maintenance  ol' their  eou- 
ueclion  with  (Jreat  liritain,  and  also  opposed  on  its  own  merits  to  the  interest  of  the 
jjcople  of  these  I'rovinces."' 

Notwithstandino;  stu-h  objeclioii  to  a  freer,  or  too  free  an  inter- 
course with  us,  a  treaty  no  doubt  mio'ht  be  made  so  comprehensive 
in  all  its  details  that  neither  i)arty  cotdd  be  mistaken  as  to  its  re- 
sults, t)r  be  caj)able  of  evading  cither  its  sjiirit  or  substance;  or,  our 
future  intercourse  mio'ht  be  left  to  reciprocil  leo-islation,  to  l)e 
ch:in<>'ed  from  time  to  time  as  the  varviim'  interests  deiiendent  on  our 
internatiomd  relations  might  demand,  <n"  the  violation  of  reciprocal 
obligations  by  eitiier  party  might  require. 


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